| A | B |
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| Abnormal Psychology | ● Behavior that is statistically rare, violates cultural norms, personally interferes with day-to-day living, and legally may cause a person to be unable to know right from wrong, which is insanity. ● Insanity is a legal term, not a psychological term. |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder | ● Previously called sociopaths or psychopaths. ● Manipulative, exploitive, self-indulgent, irresponsible, but possibly charming. ● Violate other people's rights without guilt or remorse, and commit disproportionate number of crimes. |
| Anxiety Disorders | ● Characterized by a feeling of impending doom or disaster; mood symptoms of tension, agitation, and apprehension; bodily symptoms of sweating, muscular tension, increased heart rate and blood pressure; cognitive symptoms of worry, rumination, and distractibility. |
| Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | ● Children are unable to focus their attention, are easily distracted, and often act impulsively, thus failing to complete tasks. ● Inattention and inappropriate behaviors often lead to personal, social, and academic problems. |
| Autism | ● Diagnosis based on 3 primary symptoms evident early in life: - Lack of responsiveness to other people. - Impairment in verbal and nonverbal communications. - Very limited activities and interests. ● May engage in repetitive behaviors. |
| Bipolar Disorder | ● Characterized by wide mood swings alternating between periods of major depression and mania involving inflated ego, little need for sleep, excessive talking, and impulsivity. ● Rapid cycling has short manic periods followed by longer, deep depression. |
| Catatonic Schizophrenia | ● Characterized by disordered movement patterns, sometimes immobile stupor or frenzied and excited behaviors. ● People might remain in one position, becoming "statues" with waxy flexibility or holding postures that would normally be impossible to maintain by others. |
| Causes of Abnormal Behavior by Psychological Perspective | ● Psychoanalytic: unresolved internal conflict in the unconscious mind. ● Behavioral: maladaptive behaviors learned from inappropriate rewards and punishment. ● Cognitive: irrational and faulty thinking. ● Humanistic: conditions of worth imposed by society, which cause lowered self-concept. ● Biological: neurochemical or hormonal imbalances; abnormal brain structures or genetics. |
| Chronic Fearfulness/Avoidant Personality Disorders | ● Avoidant--excessively sensitive to potential rejection, humiliation; desires acceptance but is socially withdrawn. |
| Conversion Disorder | ● Somatoform disorder characterized by loss of some bodily function, such as becoming blind, deaf, or paralyzed; without physical damage to affected organ or neural pathways; often marked by indifference and quick acceptance of loss. ● Example: Rock opera character Tommy. |
| Delusions | ● Erroneous beliefs that are maintained even when compelling evidence to the contrary is presented. ● Delusions of grandeur are false beliefs about self-importance. ● Delusions of persecution are false beliefs that someone is out to get him or her. |
| Developmental Disorders | ● Disorders that arise early in life, during infancy, childhood, and adolescence. ● Include attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), infantile autism, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa. |
| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR) | ● Used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental disorders; has 17 major categories subdivided into about 400 disorders; based on medical model. ● Published by American Psychiatric Association. |
| Disorganized Schizophrenia | ● Symptoms include incoherent speech, inappropriate mood, hallucinations, and delusional thought patterns. ● Bizarre, inappropriate or silly, childlike behavior is typical. ● Example: Laughing in church during a funeral. |
| Dissociative Amnesia | ● A loss of memory for a traumatic event or period of time that is too painful for an individual to remember. ● When more emotionally able to handle the information, a person may gradually remember. |
| Dissociative Disorders | ● Psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or a change in identity. ● If extremely stressed, an individual can experience separation of conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts. |
| Dissociative Fugue | ● Memory loss for anything having to do with personal memory, accompanied by flight from the person's home. ● Person establishes a new identity; skills and basic knowledge still intact. |
| Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) | ● Formerly called multiple personality disorder, characterized by two or more distinct personalities within the same individual. ● Amnesia is involved when alternate personalities "take over". ● Extremely unusual. |
| Dramatic/Emotionally Problematic Personality Disorders | ● Histrionic personality--excessively dramatic, seeking attention, and egocentric. ● Narcissistic--self-important, can't take criticism, manipulative, and lacking empathy. ● Borderline--emotionally unstable, easily bored, impulsive, unpredictable, and irritable. |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | ● Anxiety disorder similar to panic disorder, but has less intense symptoms for a longer period of time; often involves insomnia and difficulty concentrating. ● Chronic anxiety not associated with any specific situation or object. |
| Hallucinations | ● False sensory perceptions, such as the experience of seeing, hearing, or otherwise perceiving something that is not present. |
| Hypochondriasis | ● Somatoform disorder characterized by unrealistic interpretation of specific physical signs such as pain, lumps, and irritations as evidence of serious diseases. ● Example: Person with headache thinks she must have a brain tumor. |
| Learned Helplessness | ● The feeling of futility and passive resignation that results from the inability to avoid repeated aversive events. ● Person gives up trying. |
| Major Depressive Disorder | ● Also called unipolar depression, involves intense depressed mood, reduced interest or pleasure in activities, loss of energy, problems in making decisions, sadness, hopelessness, for minimum of 2 weeks. ● Suicidal thoughts, inappropriate guilt, pessimism, negative attitudes may occur. |
| Mood Disorders | ● Psychological disorders characterized by a primary disturbance in affect or mood that colors the individual's entire emotional state; disrupts the person's normal ability to function in daily life. ● Depression has been called the "common cold of psychological disorders". |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) | ● Anxiety disorder of thought and behavior. ● Obsessions--persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts that a person cannot get out of his or her mind. ● Compulsions--ritualistic behaviors performed repeatedly to reduce tension created by obsession. |
| Odd/Eccentric Personality Disorders | ● Paranoid personality--pervasive, unwarranted suspiciousness, overly sensitive, often envious. ● Schizoid personality--considered "cold," poor capacity for forming relationships. ● Schizotypal personality--odd thinking, often suspicious and hostile. |
| Panic Disorder | ● Anxiety disorder characterized by repeated attacks of intense anxiety along with severe chest pain, tightness of muscles, choking, sweating, or other acute symptoms; lasts a few minutes to hours. ● No apparent trigger, happen at any time. |
| Paranoid Schizophrenia | ● Characterized by delusions of grandeur, persecution, and reference; typically forming an elaborate network resulting from misinterpretation of reality. ● Suffering from delusions, people can be a danger as they attempt to defend themselves against their imagined enemies. |
| Personality Disorders | ● Characterized by longstanding, maladaptive thought and behavior patterns that are troublesome to others, harmful, or illegal. ● Although these patterns impair social functioning, individuals do not experience anxiety, depression, or delusions. |
| Phobias | ● Anxiety disorder with intense, irrational fear responses to specific stimuli that disrupts the person's daily life. ● Example: agoraphobia--fear of being out in public; claustrophobia--fear of enclosed spaces; zoophobia--fear of animals (snakes, rats, spiders, dogs, etc.). |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | ● Anxiety disorder resulting from some trauma (war, natural disaster, crime) experienced by the victim. ● Victims reexperience the traumatic event in nightmares or flashbacks and behave as if they are currently experiencing it. |
| Psychosis | ● Loss of touch with reality evidenced by highly disordered thought processes |
| Schizophrenia | ● Broad umbrella of disorders characterized by psychosis with both positive and negative symptoms. ● Positive symptoms include delusions and hallucinations. ● Negative symptoms include flat affect, social withdrawal, and lack of communication. |
| Seasonal Affective Disorder | ● Also called depression with seasonal pattern. ● Characterized by depressed mood and other symptoms of depression. ● Recurs usually during the winter months in northern latitudes when less direct sunlight is available. |
| Simple Schizophrenia | ● Also undifferentiated schizophrenia. ● Marked by disturbances of thought or behavior and emotion that do not fit neatly into any of the other categories of schizophrenia; one area of dysfunction is noted, yet the person may be normal in every other aspect of life. |
| Somatization Disorder | ● Somatoform disorder characterized by recurrent complaints about usually vague and unverifiable medical conditions such as dizziness, heart palpitations, and nausea, which do not result from any physical cause. ● Must disrupt normal life. |
| Somatoform Disorders | ● Characterized by physical symptoms such as pain, paralysis, blindness, or deafness without any demonstrated physical cause; cause is psychological. ● No physical damage is usually done. ● Includes somatization disorder, conversion disorder, and hypochondriasis. |
