| A | B |
|---|
| Active Listening | ● Involves echoing, restating, and seeking clarification of what the client says and does, and acknowledging feelings. ● Used in nondirective therapy by Rogers to encourage a more positive self-concept and show sensitivity and genuineness. |
| Antidepressants | ● Elevate mood by making monoamine neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, serotonin, and/or dopamine) more available at the synapse to stimulate neurons. ● Include monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), non-SSRIs. |
| Antipsychotics | ● Neuroleptics are powerful medicines that block dopamine receptors; lessen agitated behavior, and produce better sleep behavior, especially for schizophrenic patients. ● Neuroleptics include Thorazine (chlorpromazine), Haldol, and Clozaril. |
| Anxiety Hierarchy | ● A list of all associated fears from the least-feared to the most-feared stimulus created by client and therapist as part of systematic desensitization. ● Example: For arachnophobia--thinking about spiders, seeing pictures of spiders, seeing videos of spiders, seeing live spiders, etc.. |
| Anxiolytics | ● Also called tranquilizers and antianxiety drugs, include benzodiazepines called Valium, Librium, Xanax, and Buspar. ● Increase GABA to limbic system and RAS where arousal is too high, reducing feelings of anxiety. |
| Aversion Therapy | ● Another term for Aversive Conditioning. ● Behavior therapy based on classical conditioning; client associates discomfort with behaviors, thoughts, or situation he or she wants to stop or avoid. ● Example: Use of drug Antabuse (US) paired with alcohol (CS) causes extreme nausea (CR); for client to stop drinking alcohol. |
| Behavior Therapies | ● Goal is to extinguish unwanted behavior and replace it with more adaptive behavior. ● Therapies are based on the learning principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational or social learning theory. |
| Biofeedback | ● Behavior therapy giving the individual immediate information about the degree to which he or she is able to change anxiety-related responses such as heart rate and muscle tension to facilitate improved control of the physiological process and therefore lessen physiological arousal |
| Biological/Biomedical Treatments | ● Abnormal behavior results from neurochemical imbalances, abnormalities in brain structures, or a genetic predisposition; therefore, biopsychologists believe that it should be treated with drugs, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery. |
| Catharsis | ● The release of emotional tension after remembering or reliving an emotionally charged experience from the past, may ultimately result in relief of anxiety |
| Client-Centered Nondirective Therapy | ● Goal is to provide acceptance (unconditional positive regard), understanding (empathy), and sharing that permits the client's inner strength and qualities to surface so that personal growth can occur and problems can be eliminated, resulting in self-actualization |
| Clinical or Psychiatric Social Workers | ● Typically have earned an advanced degree (M.S.W. or D.S.W.) in social work, which includes a supervised internship. ● C.S.W. indicates that the social worker has passed a national certification exam. ● Often work for institutions or organizations, but can have private practice. |
| Clinical Psychologist | ● Must earn a doctoral degree (Ph.D. or Psy.D.), which includes a supervised internship, and also pass a licensing exam. ● Training emphasizes different therapies. ● Clinical psychologists who provide supportive psychotherapy often work with psychiatrists who prescribe medication. |
| Cognitive Restructuring | ● Turning faulty, disordered thoughts into more realistic thoughts. ● Helps client of cognitive therapy to change abnormal behavior. |
| Cognitive Triad Therapy | ● Beck's therapy to change faulty and negative thoughts to more positive, realistic views. ● Looks at what person thinks about his or her Self, World, and Future. ● Reattributes blame to situational factors; discusses alternative solutions. |
| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies | ● Also called cognitive therapies. ● Help clients change both the way they think and the way they behave as a result of changing faulty thought patterns. |
| Community Psychologists | ● Aim to promote psychosocial change to prevent psychological disorders as well as to treat people with psychopathologies in their local communities. ● Local clinics treat people and address unemployment, poverty, and other stressful social problems. |
| Contingency Management Techniques | ● Operant conditioning therapy techniques including behavior modification and token economies designed to change behavior by modifying its consequences. ● Use rewards to reinforce target behaviors. |
| Counseling Psychologists | ● Typically have one of a number of different advanced degrees (Ph.D., Ed.D., Psy.D., or M.A. in counseling). ● Tend to deal with less severe mental health problems in school or college settings, or in marital and family therapy practices. |
| Couples and Family Therapy | ● Trained professionals can direct spouses and family members to openly discuss their individual perspectives on an issue in the neutral setting of a therapist's office. ● Individuals can come to better understand others' feelings and beliefs and how their behavior affects others. |
| Deinstitutionalization | ● Removal of patients who were not considered a threat from mental hospitals. ● U.S. Congress passed aid bills to establish community mental health facilities in neighborhoods in 1960s. ● A substantial portion of homeless people are people with schizophrenia in need of care. |
| Dream Analysis | ● Threatening experiences and feelings can be revealed when controls of the ego and superego are relaxed during sleep. ● In a dream that a patient recalls, the recalled dream is the manifest content; the underlying meaning is the latent content revealed by analyzing symbols. |
| Electroconvulsive Shock Treatment (ECT) | ● Used to treat people with major depression who haven't responded to other treatments, ECT is administered under anesthesia and with a muscle relaxant several times over a period of weeks; often accompanied by temporary loss of memory, but no brain damage |
| Flooding | ● An exposure technique, a classical conditioning treatment for phobias and other anxiety disorders, that extinguishes the conditioned response. ● Feared stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented without the reason for being afraid (US) resulting in extinction. |
| Free Association | ● Involves the therapist sitting behind the patient and asking him or her to say whatever comes to mind. ● Technique used in psychoanalysis. ● If patients do not censor what they say, key thoughts will make unconscious conflicts accessible. |
| Freudian Slips | ● Named after Freud, Freudian slips are accidental linguistic errors that he thought revealed hidden conflicts when spoken or enacted during psychoanalysis. ● Freud also thought hypnosis could be used to reveal hidden conflicts. |
| Gestalt Therapy | ● Developed by Fritz Perls who said that people create their own reality and continue to grow psychologically only as long as they perceive, stay aware of, and act on their true feelings. ● Directive therapy to help clients choose to take control of their own destiny |
| Group Therapy | ● Same types of therapies used in individual counseling can be used with a group of patients or clients. ● Group therapy is more helpful in enabling client to see others who have similar problems, is less costly, and allows feedback from others. |
| Humanistic Therapies | ● Include client-centered or person-centered therapies, and gestalt therapy. ● Humanists think that problems arise because the client's inherent goodness and potential to grow emotionally have been stifled by external psychosocial constraints. |
| Insight Therapies | ● Include psychoanalysis, psychodynamic therapy, humanistic client-centered therapy, and gestalt psychotherapy. ● Goal is to help clients develop insight about the cause of their problems, and that insight will lead to behavior change. |
| Interpersonal Psychotherapy | ● Aims to enable people to gain insight into the causes of their problems by focusing on current relations to relieve present symptoms. ● Even shorter than psychodynamic psychotherapy. |
| Meta-Analysis | ● The systematic statistical method for synthesizing the results of numerous research studies dealing with the same variables. ● Meta-analysis reveals that clients who receive psychotherapy are better off than most of those who receive no treatment. |
| Modeling | ● Process of watching and imitating a specific behavior. ● Important in observational learning and social skills training. |
| Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) | ● Inhibit the effects of chemicals that break down norepinephrine and serotonin. ● Best known is Nardil. ● Not frequently prescribed because of potential for serious adverse reactions, drug interactions, and dangerous interactions with fermented foods. |
| Non-SSRIs or Atypical Antidepressants | ● May inhibit reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, or a combination of 2 of them. ● Include Effexor XR and Wellbutrin. |
| Prefrontal Lobotomy | ● Surgery that cut the main neural tracts connecting the lower brain regions to the frontal lobes, was performed on thousands of schizophrenic patients between 1935 and 1955. ● Many patients were left emotional zombies with extensive brain damage. |
| Psychiatrist | ● A medical doctor (M.D.) who treats mental health problems. ● The only mental health professional who can perform surgery or prescribe medication (in most regions). ● Generally takes a biological approach to treating major disorders. |
| Psychoanalysis | ● Freudian psychoanalysis involves going back to discover the roots of problems, then changing one's misunderstandings and emotions after identifying the problem. ● Bringing the conflict into the conscious mind enables the patient to gain insight and achieve personality change. |
| Psychoanalysts | ● May or may not be psychiatrists, but all follow the teaching of Freud and practice psychoanalysis or other psychodynamic therapies. ● They receive extensive training and self-analysis with a more experienced psychoanalyst before they treat patients. |
| Psychodynamic Psychotherapy | ● Has roots in psychoanalysis, but is shorter and less frequent, and involves the client sitting up and talking to the therapist, who is more active and likely to point out and interpret relevant associations to help the client uncover unresolved conflict more directly to gain insight into the problem |
| Psychopharmacotherapy | ● The use of psychotropic drugs to treat mental disorders. ● Medical doctors, psychiatric nurse practitioners, and limited number of clinical psychologists are trained to prescribe. ● Includes anxiolytics, antidepressants, stimulants, and neuroleptics. |
| Psychosurgery | ● The removal of brain tissue is performed rarely today to alleviate serious symptoms. ● Corpus callosum transection, cutting only the corpus callosum between the right and left cerebral hemispheres (split brain surgery), successfully treats very severe epilepsy. |
| Psychotropic Drugs for Bipolar Disorder | ● Lithium has been widely used to stabilize mood, alone or with antidepressants. ● Antiseizure medicines used to treat epilepsy, such as Depakene, Depakote, and topiramate, have also been used. |
| Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) | ● Developed by Ellis, also called Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). ● Based on idea that anxiety, guilt, and depression result from self-defeating thoughts; therapist has client confront irrational thought by discussing actions, beliefs about actions, and consequences. |
| Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) | ● Repeated pulses surge through a magnetic coil positioned above the right eyebrow of the patient, administered daily for a few weeks. ● Promising painless treatment for severe depression, may stimulate left frontal lobe. |
| Resistance | ● Blocking of anxiety-provoking feelings and experiences, evidenced by behavior such as talking about trivial issues or coming late for sessions are signs the patient has reached an important issue that needs to be discovered (in psychoanalysis) |
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) | ● Block reuptake of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron leaving more neurotransmitter in the synapse for binding with the postsynaptic receptors. ● Include commonly advertised Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, Celexa, Lexapro, and Luvox. |
| Self-Help Groups | ● May provide assistance to individuals who share the same problem. ● Trained psychotherapists do not conduct these sessions. ● Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is a well-known group that holds meetings to help people stay sober all over the world. |
| Social Skills Training | ● Behavior therapy based on operant conditioning and Bandura's social learning theory, to improve interpersonal skills by using modeling, behavioral rehearsal, and shaping |
| Systematic Desensitization | ● Also called reciprocal inhibition. ● An anxiety response is inhibited by an incompatible relaxation response. ● Client taught progressive relaxation; therapist and client create anxiety hierarchy; client relaxes with exposure to more fearful stimuli until fear response is inhibited. |
| Tardive Dyskinesia | ● Sometimes an unfortunate side effect of neuroleptics resulting from blocking of dopamine at sites other than those associated with schizophrenia. ● Characterized by involuntary muscle spasms, problems walking, and drooling. ● Causes patients to abandon medication. |
| Third-Party Providers | ● Insurance companies generally require DSM-IV-TR diagnoses for payment. ● Many cover services of psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists, and clinical social workers; they will not pay for the services of unlicensed therapists. |
| Transference | ● In psychoanalysis, although the analyst's behavior is neutral, the patient may respond to the analyst as though he or she is a significant person in the client's emotional life. ● The patient can replay previous experiences and reactions to gain insight. |
