| A | B |
|---|
| Beringia | Another name for the land bridge connecting northeast Asia and North America |
| Cahokia | Largest city of the mound builders of the Mississippi Valley- approximately 30-40,000 near present-day East St. Louis, Illinois |
| Tenochtitlán | Capital city of the Aztec Empire- destroyed by the Spanish and is on the location of present-day Mexico City |
| New Spain | Spain's New World Empire- the center was Mexico City |
| St. Augustine, Florida | The first permanent European settlement in the present-day United States- established by the Spanish in 1565 |
| Santa Fe, New Mexico | Established by the Spanish in 1608 |
| Ireland | The area first conquered by the English- practice for England's colonization of the New World- brutal treatment of the indigenous peoples because they were seen as heathens and savages |
| Virginia | 1st permanent colony established by the English in North America- no gold but very suitable for tobacco- the most populous and most important colony |
| Roanoke | 1st English attempt to colonize North America- mysteriously disappeared in the 1580s |
| Jamestown | 1st permanent English settlement in North America- founded in 1607 by a joint stock company - would have failed if not for John Smith's leadership- poor location, no one worked, problems with Indians- "Starving Time" |
| The Chesapeake | Maryland and Virginia- rely on tobacco and indentured servants |
| Maryland | Colony established by Lord Baltimore as a refuge for English Catholics |
| South Carolina | The 13 colony most like the West Indies because many initial settlers from the West Indies, very labor-intensive crops in rice and indigo, and a large slave population |
| Charleston | Most important sea port in the South |
| North Carolina | Southern colony very different from its neighbors Virginia and South Carolina because small farms and squatters |
| Georgia | Last of the 13 colonies to be established- founded by James Oglethorpe as a refuge for nonviolent prisoners (debtors) and to establish a buffer between South Carolina and Spanish Florida |
| West Indies | The most valuable possessions in the New World because of sugar- attracted few white immigrants because of so much dependence on African slaves |
| Plymouth | Settlement established by the Pilgrims on the Mayflower- established by William Bradford in 1620- eventually absorbed by the more populous Massachusetts Bay |
| Massachusetts Bay | Colony established by the Puritans in 1630- John Winthrop's "City Upon a Hill" |
| Rhode Island | Colony established by Roger Williams- attracted dissenters and those who were banished from Massachusetts Bay- the most independent-minded of the colonies |
| Connecticut | Colony established by Thomas Hooker, Fundamental Orders of Connecticut |
| New Hampshire | New England colony established by John Davenport |
| New York | Colony established by the Dutch to expand their commercial empire (Henry Hudson and Peter Stuyvesant)- originally known as New Netherland until conquered by England in the 1660s |
| New Amsterdam/New York City | City with a ideal location to be a port- will become the most important city in the United States |
| New Jersey | Middle colony established by Sir John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret |
| Delaware | Colony originally established by the Swedes- taken by the Dutch and then taken by the English |
| Pennsylvania | Colony established by William Penn was a refuge for Quakers- good relations with the Indians- most ethnically diverse colony with large German and Scots-Irish populations |
| Philadelphia | The most important city in colonial America- the site of the Declaration of Independence and Constitution Convention |
