| A | B |
|---|
| Eastern Orthodox religion | a branch of Christianity that began in the Eastern Roman Empire; Hagia Sophia is a church of this religion |
| Cyrillic alphabet | Allowed Slavs to be able to read the Bible in their own language |
| arches | Architectural features that are known to Rome and are seen in their aqueducts and the Colosseum, for example |
| domes | The Byzantine Empire improved upon this Roman architectural achievement when they built Hagia Sophia |
| astrolabe | Muslim achievement that allowed them to calculate time of prayer and location of Mecca |
| armillary sphere | Muslim achievement that helped them to set their religious calendar because they were able to calculate the time of day or year |
| calligraphy | Muslims invented this art of beautiful handwriting because artists were not allowed to create images of living beings (only Allah could create life) |
| Al-Razi | Great Muslim physician who believed patients would recover more quickly if they breathed cleaner air; wrote Treatise on Smallpox and Measles and an encyclopedia called the Comprehensive Book |
| Alhazen | Brilliant Muslim mathmatician who wrote a book called Optics that discussed how people see objects because rays pass from the objects to the eyes |
| Al-Khwarizmi | Muslim mathematician who wrote a textbook about "the art of bringing together unknowns to match a known quantity." This technique is called algebra |
| bubonic plague | deadly disease that spread across Asia and Europe in the mid-14th century, killing millions of people; also known as the Black Death |
| effects of the Crusades | increase in trade; weakened the power of the pope; increased the power of the king |
| tropical rain forest | covers less than 5% of Africa; humid environment with dense trees and lack of edible vegetation |
| savanna | largest and most populated climate zone in Africa; covers 3/5 of continent |
| desert | makes up 1/3 of Africa; largely uninhabitable; temperatures reach 135 degrees |
| Aksum | only Christian African kingdom; Ezana believed he was directly descended from God |
| Ghana | known for gold and salt trade; rulers taxed good that traders carried; only king allowed to have gold nuggets |
| Mali | Mansa Musa was most famous king who based his government on the Quran |
| Songhai | Sunni Ali's professional army on horseback expanded Songhai and captured Timbuktu; lacked modern weapons like gunpowder and cannons |
| Benin | known for magnificent brass heads of the royal family and copper and bronze figurines |
| Great Zimbabwe | important city in South Africa; known for walls that contain about 900,000 stone blocks held together without mortar |
| Renaissance | a rebirth or revival of classical Greek and Roman culture, art and learning; began in Italy because of 1) the growth of large city-states; 2) rise of wealthy merchant class in each Italian city-state; 3) scholars looked down on the art and literature of the Middle Ages and wanted to return to the learning of the Greeks and Romans |
| Renaissance Man | a man who excelled in many fields other than art (math, science, music, literature, etc); Leonardo da Vinci was a true Renaissance Man |
| humanism | intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievments |
| 95 Theses | Martin Luther's 95 written arguments attacking the Catholic Church that was posted to the door of the church in Wittenberg |
| indulgences | pardons that released sinners from performing a penalty a priest imposed for a sin (a way to buy a way to heaven); Johann Tetzel sold indulgences to raise money for St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome |
| Protestant Reformation | Martin Luther's actions began this movement of religious reform which led to the founding of Christian churches that did not accept the pope's authority |
| Counter Reformation | Also known as the Catholic Reformation was the Catholic's response to the Protestant Reformation where they looked to reform the Catholic Church |
| realism | artistic movement where artists and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be; examples include the statue of David and the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel; both done by Michelangelo |
| Achievements of Han China | roads, canals, civil service jobs, paper, collar harness for horses, plow, wheelbarrow, water mills |
| Achievements of Tang and Song China | porcelain, gunpowder, paper money, magnetic compass, movable type, acupuncture, mechanical clock |
| Achievements of Mauryan Empire | Asoka's edicts carved on stone pillars, copper coins, stupas |
| Achievements of Gupta Empire | concept of zero and decmial system, murals on Ajanta cave walls |
| Achievements of Roman Empire | aqueducts, roads, public baths, theatres, temples, arches, alphabet, Roman numerals, Twelve Tables, Colosseum |
| Achievements of Ancient Greece | philosophy (Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle), democracy (Athens), theatre (comedies and tragedies), Parthenon (temple dedicated to Athena), columns, Euclid (mathematician), calculated value of pi, astronomy, Olympics, acropolis, phalanx formation |
| Age of Exploration technology | caravel, astrolabe,magnetic compass, sextant |
| Portugal and Spain | leaders in Age of Exploration; Prince Henry the Navigator, Bartolomeu Dias, Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus |
