| A | B |
|---|
| Domesday Book | a census taken in England by William the Conqueror |
| Vikings | people from Scandinavia who raided villages in Europe |
| Black Death | a plague that swept across Europe and Asia and killed millions of people |
| anti-Semitism | the hatred of Jews |
| King John | signed the Magna Carta in 1215 |
| vassal | a noble who served a lord of a higher rank |
| Hildegard of Bingen | headed a convent in Germany and composed church music |
| code of chivary | a guide for knights' good behavior |
| Francis of Assisi | founder of the first order of friars who helped the poor and served as missionaries |
| Thomas Aquinas | a priest who combined Church teachings with the ideas of Aristotle |
| Clovis | a Frankish king who became Catholic |
| Henry II | established the jury system in England |
| First Crusade | drove the Muslims from Jerusalem |
| Joan of Arc | a young French peasant who led soldiers in the Hundred Years' War |
| Edward I | called for a meeting of people from different parts of England, which came to be called the Parliament |
| Reconquista | the struggle to take back the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule |
| Hundred Years' War began because | Edward III declared himself king of France |
| War of the Roses began because | nobles were fighting over who would be king |
| Jews and Muslims | were persecuted by Ferdinand and Isabella |
| Rats | carried the plague brought in on trading caravans |
| grand jury | decided whether people should be accused of a crime |
| trial jury | decided whether an accused person was innocent or guilty |
| Magna Carta | took away some of the king's power; helped establish people's rights |
| Saladin | captured Jerusalem for the Muslims |
| House of Lords and the House of Commons | houses of Parliament |
| Classes of French society | clergy, nobles, townspeople, and peasants |
| crusades | holy wars |
| Third Crusade | kings banded together to recapture Jerusalem; ended in a truce |
| The Crusades helped break down | feudalism and trade |
| knights | vassals who fought in war on horseback |
| fief | land granted to a vassal |
| New technology that increased crop productivity in the Middle Ages: | wheeled plow, horse collar, wind and water mills, crop rotation |
| guilds | business groups established by crafts people |
| Concordant of Worms | agreement that only the pope could choose bishops and only the emperor could give them jobs in government |
