| A | B |
|---|
| emotional intelligence | being able to read other's emotions |
| Carroll Izard | categorized facial expressions (and made picture chart) |
| 2 Rating Scales for emotions | pleasant-unpleasant, low- high arousal |
| Fear | a negative and anxious aviodance response to a present stimulus |
| Anxiety | negative and physiologically arousing response to a non-present stimulus |
| amygdala | part of the brain that helps associate emotional responses |
| OCD IS NOT | OCPD |
| Bio-Psycho-Socio Model | Biological and genetic differences, social influences on what's appropriate, peer groups, differences in personality |
| In group/ out group effect | when you're in the group you focus on positives, out of the group you focus on the negatives |
| Example ingroup/outgroup | Supreme court judge and her driver cant stay in the same hotel, when judge saw this he realized how bad racism was and that not everything is equal (Brown vs. Board of Ed) |
| Ancient Greeks System of Humors | Melancholic (depressed), Sanguine (cheerful), Phlegmatic (un-emotional), Choleric (irritable) |
| Gordon Allport | 1st person to describe personality using traits |
| traits | characteristic patterns of behavior or dispositions to act and feel, as assesed by self-report inventories |
| Myers-Briggs | based on types by Carl Jung, and type dichotomies |
| Type Dichotomes | extraversion v. introversion, thinking v. feeling, sensing v. intuition, judgement v. perception |
| Eysenk Questionnaire | Reduces personality to two demensions: intraversion/extraversion and emotional stability/instability |
| Factor analysis | statistical method in which test items are analyzed for relationships. lead to clusterization |
| MMPI (minnesota multiphasic personality inventory) | most widely used to diagnose psychopathology, TERRIBLE |
| extraversion v. introversino | corresponds to brain activity and autonomic nervous system |
| optimum arousal | extraversion takes more to get emotionally aroused, introversion doesn't take much to excite since they don't get out much |
| The Big Five (OCEAN) | pesonality test: Openness (willing to try new things), Conscientiousness (how well you keep your life organized), Extraversion (how outgoing), Agreeableness (how well do you get along with others), Neuroticism (most negative traits) |
| Important questions for personality tests (4) | Predictative abilities, Stability, Heritability, Cultural? |
| ...As we get older | more introverted, more emotionally stable, les open |
| Person-Situation problem | we dont act the same in all situations, personality scores don't predict behavior and across time tend to be the same |
| 3 main facotrs in family structure | household conflict, resource availability, child characteristics |
| Divorces | consequences usually neagtive, but beneficial if conflict level within marraige is high |
| family structure | two parent: best outcomes( lesbians best), Single fathers more well adjusted children (more $$$) |
| Authoritarian Parenting | Harsh punishment, "because i said so" (not effective b/c kids don't understand rules) |
| Permissive parenting | weak rules, kids expect to get things |
| Authoritative Parenting | Firm rules, give reasoning, best style |
| Attachment | the way a child or person feels toward their caregiver |
| secure attachment | (home-base reation) the kid will go away but when something scary happens he runs back to mommy |
| anxious-avoidant | when parent leaves, kid gets upset then gets mad at parents when they return (authoritarian parents) |
| Harlow | Monkey experiemnt (put newborns in room with a metal mom with milk and a warm fuzzy fake mom) |
| Anxious-ambivalent | mom leaves playroom, kid gets upset, ignores mom when returns (permissive parents) |
| Disorganized | just really weird kids (usually druggie or abusive parents) |
| TO measure attachment: Strange Stituation | Mom and kid playing, stranger walks in, mom leaves, stranger tries to interact, mom returns (MARY AINSWORHT) (if secure, kid cries to mommy) |
| Cross Sectional Design | (easy to publish) lots of ages at one time |
| Longitudinal Study | (hard to publish) same subject over time |
| Cross-sequential | multiple groups over multiple times |
| Stress | process by which we appriase and cope with the environmental threats and challenges |
| 3 Stages of Stress | Event, Appraisal, Response |
| Transactional Theory | Eric Berne, the stress stages |
| The two-track system | sympathetic nervous system: releases hormones from adrenal glands (inner)..cerebral cortex: realeases stress hormones from outer adrenal glands |
| Biological effects of stress | heartbeat increase |
| Hans Seley | played with rats. hormones gave a certain result, then al hormones did so he stressed them out and it gave the same response |
| GAS | (general adaptation syndrome) Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion: if too long, DNA shrinks and ages the looks, hippocampus shrinks |
| 3 main stressors | catastrophies, significant life changes, daily hassles |
| Psychophisiliological Illness | mind-body illness |
| hypochondriasis | misinterpreting illnesses |
| these 3 lead to increased risk of heart attack | Anger, pessimism, depression |
| Coping | alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive or behavioral methods |
| Problem-focused coping | facing the problem |
| Emotion-focused coping | avoiding the problem |
| Coping ways | humor diffuses stress, optimism live longer, married people live longer, with no friends need to journal |
| biofeedback techniques | recording, amplifying and feeding back information regarding a subtle psychologicaly state |
| Friedman Study | assigned men (heart attack survivors) one of two conditions (1. w/med advice, 2.med advice w/counseling)...2 has 1/2 as many heart attacks |
| Meditation helps becuase | the part of the brain that tracks where we are slows down |
| 4 positive influences of religion | Healthy lifestyle, social support, encourages marraige, positive emotions |
| social-cognitive perspective | view behavior as being influenced by interacting b/t people and their social context (i.e.- a teacher being liberal and conservative students thinking he is bias) |
| Reciprocal Determinism | interacting influences b/t personality and environment |
| Internal Locus of control | perception that one controls one's own fate |
| External locus of control | perception that chance or outside forces determine one's fate |
| Self-control | the ability to control impulses and delay gratification |
| Martin Seligman | Lerned Helplessness model of depression (puppy in a box w/devider then shocks the floor, dog maybe jumps over) |
| spotlight effect | overestimating others' judging us (spotlight shining on ME) |
| self-serving bias | readiness to percieve oneself favorably |
| Walter Cannon | fight or flight |
| Maturation | biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in beahvior, relatively un-influenced by environment |
| Schema | a concept that organizes and interprets information |
| assimilation | interpreting ones new experiences in terms of one's existing schema |
| accomodation | adapting one's curretn schema to incorportate new information |
| cognition | all the mental activites associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
| sensorimotor stage | (birth-2) infants know the world in terms of their sensory impressions and motor actions |
| object permanence | the awareness that things continue to exist even when not percieved |
| preoperational stage | (2-6/7) children leadn to use language, intuitive over logical reasoning |
| egocentrisim | child's difficulty taking another's point of view |
| Theory of mind | people's ideas about their own and other's mental states about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict |
| concrete operational stage | (6/7-11) children gain the mntal operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events |
| formal operational stage | (12-forever) people think logically about abstract events |
| autism | disorder characterized by deficient communication and social interaction |
| asperger syndrome | "high functioning" form of autism, normal intelligence, skilled in one area, deficient social and communication skills |
| primary sex characteristics | the reproductive organs |
| secondary sex characteristics | breasts and hips in girls, facial hair and deep voice in male |
| menarche | first menstrual period |
| spermarche | first ejaculation |
| Haidt | social intuitionist account of morality |
| catharsis | emotional release, releasing aggresive energy releases aggresive urges |
| Seligman | studied body language (learned helplessness) |
