| A | B |
|---|
| Nationalism | mazurkas & polonaises (dances) (Chopin); Russian folk song influence (Russia) |
| Exoticism | Madame Butterfly in China; Puccini’s famous opera Madame Butterfly uses “exoticism” because it is set in China |
| Program music | Instrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea, or scene;Symphonie Fantastique (program symphony); Romeo & Juliet; Carnaval |
| Chromatic Harmony | tension; (Wagner's music) |
| Rubato | subtle rhythmic manipulation and nuance in performance. For greater musical expression, the performer may stretch certain beats, measures, or phrases and compact others. The technique is seldom indicated on a musical score but may be utilized according to the performer’s discretion. Rubato may affect only the melody (as in jazz) or the entire musical texture. the written note values must not be disregarded, and the performer eventually returns to the strict underlying rhythm from which the rubato deviated |
| Thematic transformation | Berlioz Symphonie Fantastique; Beethoven Symphony No. 5; composer was the first to use thematic was Beethoven; |
| Postlude | ending of art song for piano only |
| Lied (er) | song in German (Lieder – plural) |
| Strophic form | repeated music for different text |
| Through-composed form | new music for each stanza |
| Modified strophic form | a hybrid of the two (through-composed form and modified strophic form) |
| Absolute music | abstract music, in which artistic interest is supposedly confined to abstract constructions in sound. |
| Idée fixe | (fixed idea) – single melody to represent the beloved |
| Leitmotif | “leading motives;” Leitmotifs evolve and change based on drama; Recurrent musical ideas associated with a person object, or thought in the drama;Usually in orchestra, but sometimes in voice; |
| Symphony | Long musical composition for orchestra, usually in several movements |
| Opera | Entirely musical drama consisting of vocal pieces with instrumental accompaniment, typically punctuated with orchestral overtures and interludes |
| Art Song | are intended for performance by professional, or at least carefully taught, singers, generally accompanied by piano or instrumental ensemble. The notes are written down, and notes and words are thereafter resistant to casual alteration. |
| Song Cycle | set of art songs |
| Etude | study piece designed to help master technical difficulties |
| Polonaise | At seven Chopin wrote a Polonaise in G Minor, which was printed, and soon afterward a march of his appealed to the Russian grand duke Constantine, who had it scored for his military band to play on parade. Other |
| Program Symphony | Symphonie Fantastique; instrumental music that carries some extramusical meaning, some “program” of literary idea, legend, scenic description, or personal drama. It is contrasted with so-called absolute, or abstract, music, |
| Concert Overture | became established in the 19th century as an independent, one-movement work, which took either the classical sonata form or the free form of a symphonic poem. Examples of such works include Felix Mendelssohn’s Hebrides overture and Elliott Carter’s much later Holiday overture. |
| Symphonic Poem (Tone Poem) | also called Tone Poem, musical composition for orchestra inspired by an extra-musical idea, story, or “program,” to which the title typically refers or alludes. The characteristic single-movement symphonic poem evolved from the concert-overture, an overture not attached to an opera or play yet suggestive of a literary or natural sequence of events (e.g., Mendelssohn’s Fingal’s Cave, also called Hebrides Overture). |
