| A | B |
|---|
| Parietal peritoneum | outer layer of the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity |
| Absorption | To take in or soak up. |
| anastomosis | surgical connection of two hollow or tubular structures |
| Anastomosis | Pathological, surgical, or traumatic formation of an opening between two normally seperate organs or spaces. |
| Appendectomy | Removal of the appendix. Appendicitis is the most common reason for this procedure. This procedure is usually done laprascopic but if opened, McBurney's is the incision of choice. |
| Appendix | a vestigial process that extends from the lower end of the cecum and that resembles a small pouch |
| ascending colon | the part of the large intestine that ascends from the cecum to the transverse colon |
| Ascites | Abnormal collection of fluid in the abdominal cavity. |
| bicarbonate | acid-base balancer |
| Bile | Secreation of the liver that emulsifies fats, preparing them for further digestion and absorption in the SI. |
| Billroth I | Anastomosis of the remaining portion of the stomach to the duodenum. |
| Billroth II | Anastomosis of the remaining portion of the stomach to the jejunum. |
| Brunner's glands | Glands located in the duodenum that secrete alkaline mucus (bicarbonate buffer) to assist in the neutralization of acid in the chyme |
| Cecum | The first portion of the large intestine |
| Chief cells | A cell of the gastric glands that secretes pepsinogen (breaks down protein) and gastric lypase |
| Chole- | Combining form that means bile |
| Cholecystectomy | removal of the gallbladder. Usually done laprascopic, if not then a kocher incision is used for maximum exposure. |
| Cholelithiasis | Gall stones~ classified as cholesterol or pigmented. |
| Chyle | White liquid, consisting of products of digestion, mostly emulsified fats, passes in SI to lymphatics. |
| chyme | a semiliquid mass of partially digested food that passes from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum |
| Chyme | Thick, semifluid contents of the stomach formed during digestion. |
| Colostomy | A new opening into the colon anywhere along the length of the colon to the exterior skin surface creating an artificial anus. This procedure is done and colostomy bag is usually placed. |
| common bile duct | The duct that carries bile from the gallbladder and liver to the small intestine (duodenum). |
| -cysto | Bladder |
| descending colon | the part of the large intestine that descends from the transverse colon to the sigmoid colon |
| Direct Inguinal hernia | Occurs when the peritoneal SAC containing intestines protrudes through the inguinal ring and passes down the inguinal canal. It's usually congenital and common in males. |
| Direct Inguinal hernia | A protrusion through a weakness in the abdominal wall in a region known as Hesselbach's triangle, NO SAC. Usually acquired due to straining, heavy lifting, and chronic coughing. Most difficult type to repair and more common in males. |
| -docho- | Intestines |
| duodenum | first part of small intestines, most digestion takes place, chemicals released from liver, gall bladder, and pancreas |
| dysphagia | difficulty swallowing |
| -ectomy | Removal of |
| End ileostomy | Constructed from a terminal portion of iliem. Temporary or permanent. |
| Excision | Surgical removal |
| external anal sphincter | voluntary skeletal muscle that controls the expulsion of feces from the anal canal |
| falciform ligament | a ligament that attaches part of the liver to the diaphragm and the abdominal wall |
| Femoral hernia | A defect in the transversalis fascia below the inguinal ligament, as well as the protrusion of the peritoneal sac through the femoral ring. Most common in females. |
| fundus | the region of the stomach that is above the opening to the esophagus |
| gastrin | hormone produced in the stomach wall that stimulates sustained secretion of gastric juice |
| Gastroesophageal sphincter | The sphincter closing off the esophagus from the stomach |
| Gastrojejunostomy | A new opening in the stomach and jejunum also known as a Roux-en-Y. This procedure may be done to reestablish continuity between the stomach and intestinal tract~ tumor obstruction or gastric bypass in bariatric sx. |
| G-cells | located in the pyloric antrum region of the stomach, these endocrine cells secrete gastrin which increases parietal cell production of HCl when there is alot of food in the stomach |
| Goblet cells | Unicellular exocrine glands found along the respiratory and digestive tracts that secrete mucus. |
| greater curvature | the curve of the stomach along the inferior border. |
| Greater omentum | a saclike mesentery that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach, it covers the contents of the abdomen in an apron-like fashion. Also limits peritoneal infection. |
| hard palate | The hard front portion of the roof of the mouth and floor of the nasal cavity |
| haustra | pouches created by the tenea coli's 'gathering' of the large intestine. |
| Hemorrhoidectomy | Surgical removal of varicosities of veins or prolasped mucosa of the anus and rectum. Kraske/Jacknife position is commonly used, |
| Hemorrhoids | Congestion and dialation of the submucosal venous plexuses that line the anal canal. Caused by heavy exertion, increased intra-abdominal pressure, constipation, age/heredity, and diet. They can be either internal or external. |
| hepatic flexure | Bend between the ascending colon and the transverse colon. |
| Hiatal (Diaphragmatic) hernia | Either fixed or sliding, a portion of the stomach protrudes through the hiatus of the diaphragm. |
| hydrochloric acid (HCl) | acid which is secreted in the stomach and helps with mechanical digestion |
| Identify the two layers of the peritoneum. | Parietal and visceral. |
| Ileocecal valve | The sphincter that separates the final part of the small intestine (the ileum) from the fron part of the large intestine (the cecum). It is typically kept contracted (closed) so that chyme can remain in the small intestine as long as possible. The ileocecal valve is stimulated to relax by the presence of food in the stomach. |
| ileum | the part of the small intestine between the jejunum and the cecum |
| Incision | Cut made w/a sharp instrument ie scapel. |
| internal anal sphincter | anal sphincter that is smooth muscle and involuntary; open for defecation |
| Irreducible/Incarcerated hernia | Inability to return hernial contents to the normal cavity w/manipulation. |
| islet of Langerhans | These are groups of cells in the pancreas that produce insulin, glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide, the three pancreatic endocrine secretions. These hormones are important regulators of carbohydrate metabolism. |
| Islets of Langerhans form the___________divison and secrete the hormones___________and_________. | endocrine, insulin, glucagon. |
| jejunum | second part of small intestines, absorbs nutrients from digested food |
| lesser curvature | the curve of the stomach along the superior border |
| Lesser omentum | a serous membrane that extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver. |
| Lumpectomy | A partial mastectomy that consists of removal of the entire tumor mass along w/a least 1 to 2 cm surrounding nondiseased tissue. |
| lysis | Dissolution, loosening, or destruction of something. |
| Mesentary | supportive membrane surrounding internal organs and attaching to the body wall |
| Modified Radical Mastectomy | Includes the removal of the entire breast along w/all the axillary nodes. Pectoralis major muscle is left in place. |
| Mucosa | innermost layer of digestive tract. it is in contact with the food. Made of epithelial tissue. It is the most varied from one region of the GI tract to another. |
| Mucous | describes the specialized mucous membranes that line the body cavities |
| Necrosis | Tissue death |
| -oma | Tumor |
| -ostomy | Create a new opening. |
| -otomy | Make an incision into. |
| pancreas | located partially behind the stomach in the abdomen, and it functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland. It produces digestive enzymes as well as insulin and glucagon |
| pancreatic acini | clusters of exocrine gland cells that secrete digesting enzymes |
| Pancreatic amylase | enzyme from pancreas that breaks down starch |
| pancreatic duct | The main duct of the pancreas. The pancreatic duct carries the exocrine secretions of the pancreas (enzymes and bicarbonate) to the small intestine (duodenum). |
| Pancreatic lipase | enzymes from pancreas that breaks down triglycerides (fats) |
| Pancreaticoduodenectomy | Whipples procedure-done on pt's w/pancreatic cancer. Involves the excision of the head of the pancreas, the distal 1/3 (antrum and pylorus) of the stomach, all of the duodenum, the proximal 10cm of the jejunum, the gallbladder, the cystic and CBD and nodes. |
| Pantaloon hernia | Both a direct and indirect hernia found during inguinal hernia repair. |
| Parietal | Outer portion of a cavity or organ. |
| Parietal cells | Cells found in gastric glands that secrete hydrochloric acid (for hydrolysis of ingested food) and gastric intrinsic factor (for absorption of vitamin B-12). |
| parotid glands | A pair of salivary glands located near the ramus of the mandible. |
| Peristalsis | Rythmis contractions of smooth muscle layers that force food through the GI tract/ |
| Peritoneum | A thin serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. |
| pharyngeal sphincters | the three circular muscles that move a food bolus from the mouth to the esophagus. |
| Portal venous system | System that carries blood to a second capillary bed prior to returning blood to general circulation. |
| pylorus | the narrowing portion of the stomach beneath the main body. |
| Radical Mastectomy | The entire breast is removed along w/axillary lymp nodes, the pectoral muscles, and all adjacent tissues. |
| rectum | The last part of the digestive tract, through which stools are eliminated |
| Reducible hernia | Use of manipulation returns the hernial contents to their normal cavity. |
| Roux-en-Y | The jejunum is divided, the distal end is anastomosed to the side of the stomach, and the proximal end is anastomosed to the side of the jejunum at the lower level. The result is a Y-shaped anastomosis that diverts the flow of bile and pancreatic enzymes directly into the jejunum bypassing the created gastric stoma. |
| rugae | folds in the lining of the stomach that expands surface area |
| Salivary amylase | A salivary gland enzyme that hydrolyzes starch and glycogen |
| Segmental Mastectomy | A wedge or quadrant of breast tissue is removed including the tumor mass and the lobe in which it is growing. |
| Serosa | another name for the visceral peritoneum, outermost covering of organs suspended in abdominopelvic cavity |
| sigmoid colon | the s-shaped curve between the descending colon and the rectum |
| Simple Mastectomy | The entire breast in removed w/o lymph node dissection. |
| soft palate | muscular posterior (back) portion of the palate |
| Splenectomy | Removal of the spleen due to trauma, blood dyscrasia (blood disease), splenic anemia, nutropenia, tumors, cysts, and splenomegaly. |
| splenic flexure | Downward bend of the colon on the left side of the body toward the descending colon. |
| -stasis | Stoppage or decrease of flow of bodily fluids. |
| Stenosis | Narrowing or constriction. |
| Strangulated hernia | An incarcerated hernia that lacks adequate blood supply and may become obstructed. This becomes a surgical emergency to prevent necrosis and gangrene of the strangulated tissue. |
| Submucosa | layer next to the mucosa which contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, connective tissue, and nerves |
| Subtotal Gastrectomy | partial removal of the stomach AKA Billroth procedures. |
| transverse colon | the part of the large intestine that extends across the abdominal cavity and joins the ascending to the descending colon |
| Ulcer | Crator-like leison that is usually circular in shape and penetrates the skin; may be deep. |
| Umbilical hernia | A protrusion of the peritoneum through the umbilical ring. Most common congenital defect in children and sometimes aquired in females after childbirth. |
| Ventral (Incisional) hernia | A protrusion of peritoneal contents due to weakness in the abdominal wall, usually due to impaired healing of a previous surgical incision. |
| villi | Small fingerlike projections on the walls of the small intestines that increase surface area |
| Viscera | Any organ of a body cavity; usually refers to the abdominal organs. |
| Visceral peritoneum | inner layer of the membrane that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity |
| What are the 2 blood supplies for the liver? | Hepatic artery and Portal vein. |
| What are the 9 regions in the abdomen? | From R-L: R hypochondriac region, Epigastic region, L hypochondriac region, R lumbar region, Umbilical region, L lumbar region, R iliac region, Hypogastic, L iliac region. |
| What are the functions that are performed by the cells of the liver? | produce bile, metabolize carb's, fats, and protiens, store sugar as glycogen, store fat soluble vitamin A, D, E, and K, plus iron and copper, detoxify harmful substances via phagocytosis, and synthesize prothrombin and fibrinogen. |
| What is the function of the sphincter of Oddi? | controls the flow of bile into the duodenum. |
| What is the pathway of the Lower Gastointestinal Tract? | Ileocecal valve-Cecum-Ascending colon-Hepatic flexure-Transverse colon-Splenic flexure-Descending colon-Sigmoid colon-Rectum-Anus. |
| What is the pathway of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract? | Mouth-Uvula-Pharynx-Epiglottis-Esophagus-Cardiac sphincter-Fundus of the stomach-Cardia of stomach-Body of the stomach-Pylorus of the stomach-Pyloric sphincter- Duodenum(Biliary tree connects here)-Jejunum-Ileum-Ileocecal valve. |
| What is the primary function of the peritoneum? | Provide a slippery surface over which the viscera can freely glide. |
| What is the purpose of the mesentary? | Contain blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels that serve the adjoining organs. |
| What organs are located in the LLQ? | Small intestines, sigmoid colon, descending colon, Lt. ureter, Lt. ovary and tube, and Lt. spermatic cord. |
| What organs are located in the LUQ? | Lt. lob of the liver, stomach, transverse colon, splenic flexure, Lt. kidney (back), spleen, and tail of the pancreas. |
| What organs are located in the RLQ? | Cecum, appendix, ascending colon, small intestines, Rt. ureter, Rt. ovary and tube, and Rt. spermatic cord. |
| What organs are located in the RUQ? | Rt lobe of the liver, gallbladder, transverse colon, hepatic flexure, Rt. kidney (back), duodenum, and head of the pancreas. |
| Where is a Inguinal/Groin incisions made? | An oblique incision of the R or L inguinal region. Ex~ inguinal herniorrhaphy. |
| Where is a McBurney incision made? | RLQ incision just below umbilicus and aprox. 2 inches medial from anterior superior iliac spine. Ex~ appendix. |
| Where is a Pfannenstiel incision made? | A curved transverse incision across lower abdomen slightly above the pubis. Ex~ abdominal hysterectomy and cesarean. |
| Where is a Transverse incision made? | A horizontal incision slightly above or below the umbilicus. Ex~ Choledochojejunostomy and transverse colostomy. |
| Where is the location of the appendix? What is the purpose of the mesoappendix? | Attached to the cecum, which is an embryonic extension of the apex of the cecum. The mesoappendix supplies blood to the appendix. |
| Where is the paramedian incision made? | A vertical or horizontal made lateral to the midline on either side in the upper or lower abdomen. Ex~ biliary tract, pancreas, and sigmoid colon. |
| Where is the Subcostal/Oblique(Kocher) incision made? | Just below the ribs on the L or R side. Ex~ gallbladder and spleen. |
| Which hormone increases the CA levels in the blood? | Parathyroid |
| oblique | diagonal |
