| A | B |
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| Correlational research design | A research ____in which data are collected to describe the statistical association between two or more variables. |
| evaluation design | The plan for how data will be collected in an evaluation study. Should be appropriate for the evaluation questions that the study addresses. |
| Criterion variable | The dependent variable that is being predicted in a regression analysis. |
| Criterion-referenced test | A ____for which a score is interpreted by comparing it to levels of performance established for the ____by professionals in the field that the ____addresses. |
| Cross-sectional research | A data-collection strategy in which data are collected at one point in time from participants who are at different developmental or grade levels. The purpose is to draw conclusions about differences between developmental groups. |
| data | Factual information gathered as evidence for a research study. |
| data-analysis plan | The plan for __ __ in a research study. |
| data-collection instrument | A tool used to collect data in a research study such as a test, observation protocol or questionnaire. |
| degrees of freedom (df) | In statistics, the number of scores in a sample that are free to vary, calculated as sample size minus one ( n – 1). Used in the calculation of inferential statistics. |
| dependent variable | The variable that is measured in a study. In an experimental research study, the dependent ___ is affected by the independent variable. |
| descriptive research | A type of research that has the goal of describing what, how or why something is happening. |
| descriptive statistics | Used to describe, organize and summarize data |
| disaggregated data | Groups data that have been separated into individual component scores. |
| disconfirming evidence | A method used to verify the accuracy of data analyses in qualitative research by searching for evidence that negates the themes and categories that the researcher used to code and analyze the data. |
| education research | The systematic gathering of empirical information to answer questions related to education. |
| effect size | The degree to which a practice, program or policy has an effect based on research results, measured in standard deviation units. Also referred to as practical significance. |
| empirical information | Based on something that can be observed. Students’ test scores, observations of teachers’ classroom instruction, principals’ interview responses and school dropout rates are examples in education research. |
| error | Inaccuracies in implementing a research study, including during sampling, treatment delivery, data recording or data analysis. Increase the variability of the data and threaten the validity |
| ethnography | A data-collection method in which information is collected about a group of individuals in their natural setting, primarily through observations. |
| Covariate | A variable that is correlated with another variable, such that when there is a change in one variable, there is a corresponding change in the other variable. |
