| A | B |
|---|
| Bony Orbit (AKA: Orbital Cavity) | A protective bony structure that surrounds the eye. |
| Seven cranial bones of the Orbital Cavity | Frontal bone, Sphenoid bone, Ethmoid, Superior maxillary, Zygomatic, Lacrimal bone & fossa, Palatine |
| Accessory bony structures of the eye | Superior orbital fissure, Infraorbital fissure & groove, Nasal bone |
| Three bones shared by both eye orbits | frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid |
| Eyebrows | Protect eyes by preventing sweat, fluids, or particles from dropping into eyes from above. |
| Brows and lids are divided into these 3 zones. | Nasal zone, Central zone, Temporal zone |
| Palpebra (AKA: Eyelids) | Moveable folds of thin skin over the eye. |
| Canthus | Area where the upper and lower lids meet. |
| Cilia | Eyelashes |
| Lacrimal System | Provides lubrication for the eye. Keeps eye moist and washes debris off the eye. |
| Lacrimal Glands | Oval-shaped & about the size of an almond. Located in each upper eyelid near the outer angle of the orbit. Secretes aqueous tears to keep eye moist. |
| Anterior Chamber | Portions of the eye anterior to the lens and filled with aqueous humor. |
| Aqueous Humor | Alkaline and composed mostly of water, though its solid weight is primarily chloride of sodium. Fills the anterior cavity of the eye. |
| Posterior Chamber | portion of the eye between the suspensory ligaments and iris |
| Vitreous Humor | Transparent, jelly-like substance that fills the posterior cavity of the eyes and serves to suppport internal structures and maintain global shape. |
| Sclera | Forms a thin outer layer or external tunic of the eye. Serves to maintain the globe shape. |
| Retina | Inner tunic; a delicate nervous membrane that registers light and images, similar to film in a camera. |
| Extrinsic eye muscles | Attach to the bony orbit and the eye globe, moving the eye in any desired direction. They are voluntary muscles. |
| Intrinsic eye muscles | Muscles within the eye, such as those that control the size of the pupil. They are involuntary muscles. |
| Trigeminal (5th Cranial Nerve) | Controls three nerve branches, one of which is the ophthalmic nerve. |
| Refractive Media of the Eye | Composed of four parts: Cornea, Aqueous humor, Lens, and Vitreous Body. (LIGHT BENDING STRUCTURES!!) |
| Indications for Opthalmic Procedures | Congenital Defects |
| Tonometer | Measures Intraocular pressure. |
| Diathermy | Heats body tissue to coagulate. |
| ciliary body | intrinsic muscle of the eye that alters the shape of the lens during accommodation |
| decadron | common steroid used during eye surgery |
| betamethasone | common anti-inflammatory used during eye surgery |
| actelyine chloride | can be used to constrict the iris, particularly after the removal of a cataract |
| Phacoemulsification (PEK) | Breaks up and aspirates the cataract or lens with ultrasonic vibrations using a cavitron and leaves the posterior capsule intact. (Has to be sterile draped.) |
| Mydriatics | Dilates the pupil but permits focusing. |
| Cycloplegics | Dilates the pupil, inhibits focusing. |
| Miotics | Constricts pupil (Acetylcholine Chloride) |
| Locals | Topical and injectable |
| Additives to locals | Prolong/increase infusion |
| Viscoelastics | Lubricate & support; maintains separation of tissues; protects. |
| Irrigant | Moisten cornea, internal irrigant (BSS) |
| Hyperosmotic agents | Reduces intraocular pressure. |
| Anti-inflammatory agents | reduce inflammation (Betamethasone) |
| Sodium Hyaluronate | Used to replace vitreous humor. |
| Multiple eye medications | Scrub will be responsible for multiple eye medications during case. |
| Chalazion | Chronic granulomatous inflammation fo one or more of the glands of the eyelid. |
| Tear Duct Probing | Performed to open blocked tear ducts. |
| Dacryocystorhinostomy | Establishing a new passageway for tear drainage from the lacrimal sac to the middle of the nose. |
| Strabismus | Inability to direct the two eyes at the same object because of lack of coordination of the extraocular muscles. |
| Surgery for Strabismus | Resection - Removal of a portion of the muscle* Strengthens the pull of the muscle. Recession - Reattachment of the muscle more posteriorly on the sclera * weakens the pull of the muscle. |
| Enucleation | Removal of entire eyeball. |
| Evisceration | Removal of the contents of the eye, leaving the sclera and attached muscle. |
| Corneal Transplant (Keratoplasty) | Grafting of corneal tissue from one human eye to another. Due to lack of blood vessels, transplant nets 90% success rate. Performed when the patient's own cornea is thickened and opacified by diseased degeneration. |
| Scleral Buckling | Treatment of retinal detachement * The purpose is to return the retina to the normal anatomic position * Treatment with diathermy or cyotheraphy. |
| Vitrectomy | Removal of all or part of the vitreous body * Bleeding may occur in certain diseased states causing the vitreous to be opaque. |
| four layers of the cornea | epithelial cells, substantia propria, elastic lamina, endothelial cells |
| superior rectus moves | up and toward middle |
| inferior rectus moves | down and middle |
| medial rectus moves | rotates eye toward the middle |
| lateral rectus | rotates away from the midline |
| superior oblique | down and away from middle |
| inferior oblique | up and away from the middle |
| limit the movement of lateral and medial rectus | check ligaments |
| causes of cataracts | injury, age, congenital conditions, etc. |
