| A | B |
|---|
| glides | produced with tongue moving from one position to another |
| glides | similar to diphthongs but shorter in duration |
| /j/ | glide with the higher F2 |
| /w/ | glide with the lower F2 |
| semivowels | glides, liquids, nasals |
| liquids | Strong formant structure |
| /r/ | liquid with low F3 compared to adjacent vowels |
| /l/ | liquid with F3 similar to that of surrounding vowels |
| nasal murmur | caused by larger area of vocal tract |
| antiformants | caused by internal structure and lining of the nasal cavity |
| /m/ | nasal with lowest frequency of nasal murmur |
| /ŋ/ | nasal with highest frequency of nasal murmur |
| stops | most effected by insufficient closure of the velopharyngeal port |
| sonorants | resonant consonants are also known as |
| obstruents | Non-resonant consonants are also known as |
| continuants | Fricatives are also known as |
| radiation characteristic | Increase in spectral slope that occurs at the lips |
| stop closing phase | Vowel to consonant formant transition |
| stop closure phase | Stop gap |
| stop release phase | Noise burst |
| noise burst | Brief spike of spectral energy |
| stop rise/fall time | shortest |
| fricative rise/fall time | Longest |
| affricate rise/fall time | Medium |
| C (constant for speed of sound) | 33,100 cm/s |
| Palatoglossus | Muscle that lowers velum |
| Levator palatini | Muscle that raises velum |
| voiceless stop consonants | Aspiration present |
| voiced stop consonants | low/no aspiration |
| voice bar for non resonant consonants | dark horizontal band at bottom of spectrogram |
