| A | B |
|---|
| If red blood cells are placed in a hypertonic solution of NaCl they will | shrink |
| If red blood cells are placed in a solution that is hyperosmotic the cells will | change depends on type of solutes |
| Permeability of an epithelial layer is not typically controlled by regulating | phospholipids |
| Which of the following would increase the rate of diffusion? | increase cell permeability |
| Which process is most likely to be involved in helping to produce different proteins from the same gene? | RNA splicing |
| Interactions between multiple polypeptide chains within a protein act to produce the protein's | quaternary structure |
| Denaturing a protein | may be caused by inappropriate pH or temperature |
| Which of the following is consistent with an increase in affinity at a binding site | better physical fit of ligand into the binding site |
| Movement of molecules across an epithelial layer by using the spaces between the cell is called | paracellular transport |
| Which of the following is true when the concentration of a single ligand is low | decreased affinity |
| The molecule used to transfer energy from the Krebs Cycle to oxidative phosphorylation is | FADH2 and NADH |
| The process by which messenger RNA is used to make a protein is | translation |
| Which of the following would not be moved by secondary active transport? | potassium ions |
| A human red blood cell contains a solution that is approximately 300 mOsm. What will happen if | cell shrinks |
| Which of the following process show a transport maximum (maximal flux) | secondary active transport and facilitated diffusion |
| Positive feedback | accelerates a process and may contribute to homeostasis |
| Which of the following types of stimuli can be used to signal opening or closing of ion channels? | electrical (voltage), chemicals (ligands), mechanical (contact) |
| If the accumulation of a product inhibits the production of that product it is a form of | negative feedback |
| Nonpolar molecules can pass through the plasma membrane if | a concentration gradient is present |
| The speed of the reaction in a reversible reaction is determined by | enzymes, activation energy, the concentrations of the reactants and products |
| If oxygen is present each glucose molecule used in cellular respiration results in the net formation of | 6CO2, 6H2O, and 38ATP |
| Production of NAD occurs in | oxidative phosphorylation |
| Deamination | results in the ultimate prodcution of urea |
| Inhibiting phospholipase C would decrease the production of | DAG |
| Enzymes | influence the speed of a chemical reaction, may act on multiple substrates, are often sensitive to large changes in pH or temperature |
| Nuclear receptors for chemical messengers act by | initiating transcription |
| A kinase | phosphorylates another protein |
| Beta oxidation | produces NADH, produces FADH2, produces acetyl coA |
| Covalent modification | is one mechanism of regulating protein activity, requires a kinase, invovles covalently binding a phosphate to a protein |
| Which of the following is not produced by oxidative phosphorylation? | carbon dioxide |
| Phosphodiesterase | breaks down cAMP |
| Which of the following does not act as a second messenger? | PIP2 |
| A solution that contains 150 mmoles of NaCl and 300 mOsm of glycerol is: for this cell glycerol is a penetrating solute and NaCl is nonpenetrating | isotonic and hyperosmotic |
| If a transport maximum for glucose has been reached what can the cell do to increase the amount of the glucose moved across the membrane? | decrease degradation of the glucose transporter, activate inactive glucose transporters present in the membrane, increase translation of the gene for the glucose transporter |
| For each molecule of glucose the Kreb cycle produces | 2 ATP |
| Conversion of pyruvate to lactate | doesn't use oxygen, produce NADH, or produce ATP |
| In an enzyme regulated reaction the speed of a reaction can be decreased by | increasing inhibition of the enzyme |
| Which of the following typically moves through the plasma membrane without using a transmembrane protein? | fatty acids |
| Which of the following cannot be moved against its concentration gradient? | water |
| Cyclooxygenase is inhibited by aspirin. Taking aspirin would result in | a decrease in prostaglandins |
| Which protein binds calcium as part of a signal transduction mechanism | calmodulin |
| Which protein acts by disassembling into active subunits? | GTP |
| Which mechanism would provide the fastest increase in cytosolic Cl-? | opening more Cl- channels |
| Which of the following is an advantage of multiple step signal transduction pathway? | amplification of the signal, integration and coordination of the response, allows a water soluble messenger to influence activity deep in the cytosol |
| Which of the following has a binding site for a chemical messenger? | ligand gated channel, tyrosine kinase |
| Homeostasis acts to prevent | denaturation of proteins |
| If both ligand A and ligand B can bind to the same site on a protein which of the following would decrease the binding of ligand A. | increase the concentration of ligand B, increase the protein's affinity for ligand B, decrease the concentration of ligand A |
| Apoptosis is | a mechanism for cleanly removing unwanted cells by using lysosomes |
| Movement of potassium ions down a concentration gradient and across a cell membrane is by | simple diffusion |
| Movement of glucose against a concentration gradient and across a cell membrane is by | secondary active transport |
| Neuroglial cells that control capillary permeability and neuron growth are | astrocytes |
| The portion of the nervous system concerned with control of skeletal muscles is | somatic motor |
| Dark adaptation of the eye occurs due to | a decrease in active photo pigment |
| A Na+/K+ ATPase on a neuron membrane acts to | create ion gradients necessary for creating a membrane potential, create a small charge difference across the membrane, moves 3 Na+ out of the cell for every 2 K+ into the cell |
| Which of the following may be voltage gated on a nerve cell membrane | Na+ and Ca+ |
| Opening K+ channels in a neuron membrane may contribute to | a depolarization and repolarization |
| Which is true of a graded potential? | can be a depolarization, can be a hyperpolarization, size dependent on stimulus size |
| Which is true of an action potential? | propagates in a nondecremental manner |
| Increased stimulus size could result in | increased size of graded potential, opening Cl- channels, decreased frequency of action potentials |
| A decrease in the extracellular concentration of Na+ could cause | a less excitable nerve membrane |
