| A | B |
|---|
| The ability of an area of the brain to take over the function of a damaged area is called | plasticity |
| Sensory hair cells are responsible for your sense of | hearing and equilibrium |
| In the sensory receptors of the inner ear, opening of K+ channels | produces a depolarization |
| An increase in cytosolic Ca+ in the synaptic bulb produces | neurotransmitter release |
| Nicotine increases heart rate and blood pressure. Administrating adrenergic blockers may prevent these effects. The most likely site for the action of nicotine in this case would be | sympathetic ganglia |
| All autonomic preganglionic neurons release | acetylcholine |
| Which of the following does not use a G protein in signal transduction? | nicotinic receptors |
| Somatic motor neurons release | acetylcholine |
| Individuals exposed to organophosphate insecticides may exhibit symptoms of excess salivation and paralysis. Which of the following could account for these symptoms. | increase acetylcholine concentrations |
| Norepinephrine release from postganglionic fibers results in | contraction of dilator muscles in the iris, contraction of arrector pili muscles in skin (raises hair), relaxation of vascular smooth muscle in limbs (increased blood flow to muscle) |
| Which receptor(s) would be found on the diaphragm? | nicotinic |
| What has occurred if multiple subthreshold stimuli from different locations produce an action potential? | spatial summation |
| Lateral inhibition acts to increase | acuity |
| Substance P acts to | transmit pain sensation |
| Which excitatory neurotransmitter is an amino acid? | glutamate |
| Which neurotransmitter acts to open Cl- channels? | GABA |
| Which of the following would increase synaptic effectiveness (strength)? | increasing the number of neurotransmitter receptors |
| Liver cells have adrenergic receptors. Activation of these receptors would | promote glycogen breakdown |
| Which of the following does not show adaptation | proprioreceptors and pain |
| In smooth muscle Ca binds to | calmodulin |
| changing the density of sensory receptors would change the | acuity |
| Your ability to detect the movement through 3 dimensions is due to the | semicircular canals |
| Multiunit smooth muscle can be stimulated to contract by | nerves and hormones |
| Adjustment of the bending of light necessary for fine focusing an image is provided by the | lens |
| Which structre is directly attached to myosin when the muscle is at rest? | titin |
| Breaking crossbridges during skeletal muscle is a result of | binding of ATP |
| Initiation of cross bridge cycling is triggered by | binding Ca |
| Which of the following proteins break down ATP? | myosin, myosin light chain kinase, calcium "pump" |
| Which of the following is sensitive to changes in membrane potential? | DHP receptors |
| Troponin acts to | bind calcium |
| The smallest unit of motor control is the | motor unit |
| Conduction failure is caused by | ion imbalance in T tubules |
| There are __ basic or primary tastes | 5 |
| When smooth muscle is relaxed | myosin is energized, ADP is bound to myosin, tropomyosin is blocking binding sites on actin |
| Speed of skeletal muscle contraction is largely due to the | myosin ATPase activity |
| Repeated stimulation of a muscle before it has time to completely contract produces a smooth sustained and increased level of muscle tension. This is called | fused tetanus |
| Color vision is due to the action of | cones |
| Which structures help in producing a focused image on the retina? | lens, cornea, and iris |
| The longest period of a muscle twitch is the | relaxation period |
| Skeletal muscle tone requires | activation by somatic motor neurons |
| L-type calcium channels act to | produce a long reractory period cardiac muscle |
| Which type of ion channel is open at resting potential? | F type Na |
| Hypersecretion of the thyroid hormones results in serious cardiovascular effects? Why? | permissive effects with catecholamines |
| The heart valve in the exit from the right ventricle is the | pulmonary semilunar |
| A decrease in plasma glucose levels causes an increase in the secretion of | glucagon |
| Which of the following hormones would act to directly initiate transcription? | cortisol |
| Lipid soluble amine hormones are produced by the | thyroid gland |
| Which of the following would be bound to aplasma protein? | T3 |
| Which hormone is not produced by the placenta? | growth hormone |
| Which of the following is not a tropic hormone? | ADH |
| Secretion of which hormone would be controlled directly by the nervous system? | vasopressin |
| Which hormone would influence lipid metabolism? | T3 (thyroid hormone), cortisol, epinephrine |
| An increase in plasma insulin levels would result in | a decrease in plasma amino acids |
| Release of glucose from storage is called | glycogenolysis |
| Which is not an action of glucagon? | increased plasma amino acids |
| An increase in plasma amino acid levels directly acts to: | increase insulin secretion |
| Which hormone is produced by the kidney? | erythropoietin |
| Which of the following helps to produce the appropriate transpulmonary pressure? | elastic recoil of chest wall outward |
| If pressure is constant a decrease in viscosity | increases flow |
| Sympathetic stimulation influences | venous return, heart rate, contractility |
