| A | B |
|---|
| As tongue height increases, F1 | decreases |
| As tongue advances farther forward in the mouth, F2 | increases |
| High F1, Low F2 | "ah' (low, back vowel) |
| High F1, High F2 | /ae/ (low, front vowel) |
| Low F1, High F2 | /i/, /I/ (high, front vowels) |
| Low F1, Low F2 | /u/ (high, back vowel) |
| have formant transitions | diphthongs |
| have relatively steady-state formants | vowels |
| sound source for vowel production | phonatory system |
| determine perception of vowel identity | formants |
| spectral slope of sound from the vocal folds | -12 dB / octave |
| formant that always has the lowest frequency | F1 |
| determines formants | filter (vocal tract) |
| contributes fundamental frequency & harmonics | source (vocal folds) |
| produced with tongue moving from one position to another | diphthongs |
| F1 for /o/ is similar to F1 for | /e/ |
| acoustic difference in the production of sip vs. sap | F1 (1st formant frequency) |
| back vowel | long oral cavity |
| high vowel | large pharyngeal cavity |
| formula to determine formant freqs from vocal tract length (L) | F(n)=(2n-1) x c/4L (most valid for central vowels) |
| diphthong with the most contrast in F1 & F2 formant transitions | /aI/ |
| physiological similarity of vowels & diphthongs | vocals folds are sound source, produced with open vocal tract |
