| A | B |
|---|
| Number of people with STDs | 15.3 million Americans and 2/3 of them are under 25 yrs. old |
| Top 6 STDs | 1. Chlaymidia, 2. Gerital warts, 3. Herpes genetalis, 4. Gonorrhea, 5. Syphillis, 6. HIC |
| Reproductive problems with STDs | 30% of probs in women, 12% on men and result in sterility, prolonged illness, birth defects, neonatal blindness, reproductive tract cancers and death |
| Viruses | not alive, do not respond to antibiotics, made of a mucleic acid core (genes) enclosed in a lipid envelope |
| Virus replication | a viruc can only replicate after it enters a host and dorects cell machineray to synthesis the materials necessary to produce new particles |
| steps to Virus replication | recognize and attach to specific host cell surface molecules, virus ro genetic material enters cytoplasm, DNA or RNA directs host cell to replicate viral nucleic acid and synthesze viral enzymes, enzymes and capsule proteins are assembled into new viral particles, new viruses relaesed from infected cells |
| viral carcinogenicity due to | dicruption of normal cell proliferation or prevention of normal cell death mechanisms |
| virus' realese from infected cells | may or may not cause death of host cell, leading to inflamation, feaver... |
| DNA viruses | can directly incorporate viral DNA into host DNA to produce their own structural proteins and enzymes |
| retorviruses | RNA viruses that use reverse transcriptase to translate RNA into DNA; this will then integrate into host DNA so that viral DNA will be processed for proteins and enzymes. |
| What could happen if we could get rid of reverse transcriptase? | there's be no AIDs virus |
| Number of people affected by HIV | in 95, 71,500 new cases. 93% of the 28 million peple affected are from developing countries. |
| HIV does | it cripples the immune system and eventually leads to AIDS over about a 5 year period. invades and kills T cells of the immune system reducing cell-mediated immunity and antibody production. creates opporunistic disease vunerability |
| HIV is transmitted by | blood, semen, vaginal secretions, milk, across mucous membranes |
| Treatment for HIV currently inadequate | no anti viral vaccines due to changing viral coat proteins. can try to block reverse transcriptase activity and immunotherapy |
| Peter Duesberg things what | AIDs isn't caused by an HIv infection. AIDs is induced by behavior, |
| Number of people affected by herpes | 30 million people, about 1 in 10 have some type of herpes. |
| the Herpes virus requires | direct contact for transmission, doesn't live outside body long. resides dormant in nerve cells. |
| Differences between the two types | type 2 causes cold sores on the genetials. type 1 affects mainly the lips, toungue, and eyes. Victims usually have both types. |
| herpes treatment | presently no cure for HSV; treatment (antiviral drug, Acyclovir) only slows viral replication, allowing quicker healing |
| what happens with herpes? | Flare-ups from latency are intermittant, including flu-like symptoms, small painful blisters on skin (genitals, face) |
| dangerous transmission of herpes | can be transmitted to newborn during delivery causing blindness, mental retardation, may cause death of neonate |
| frequency of Cytomegalovirus | (Herpes family member) infection by CMV may occur in 1.5% of pregnancies in U.S., with a 30-40% transmission frequency to fetus; |
| what does Cytomegalovirus do? | may cause hepatitis, mononucleosis, pneumonitis but may frequently be asymptomatic; |
| Cytomegalovirus transmission | ‘normal’ individuals may shed virus in saliva, cervical secretions, urine, semen, breast milk...; intermittent periods of latency / infectiousness; associated with severe neonatal disease; routine prenatal screening not recommended. |
| Hepadnaviruses transmission | hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmitted via saliva, vaginal secretions, semen; highly contagious, infecting 300,000 persons a year in U.S.; |
| Hepadnaviruses does | attacks liver (jaundice); may eventually cause liver cirrhosis or cancer; individuals may be asymptomatic |
| Human papilloma virus (HPV) frequency | 30 million Americans infected with HPV; predisposition to cervical cancer (HPV found in 90% of women with cervical cancer); HPV is highly contagious |
| Human papilloma virus detection | with Pap smear, treatment by removal (liquid nitrogen; surgery), or antiviral drug (podophyllin) |
| What Human papilloma virus does | there are at least 70 different types of HPV, several of which causes painless growths , ‘genital warts’, that may appear months or years after exposure; can be carried and transmitted by both males and females |
| what Bacteria are | organisms with distinct cell wall. may be anaerobic or aerobic |
| Bacteria reproduction | Rapid cell replication under optimal conditions (once every 20 min!); disease-causing bacteria often produce and secrete toxins that poison host cells |
| different types of bacteria | spherical (coccus), helical (spirochete), rodlike (bacillus) |
| Antibiotic resistance | due to over-use, inappropriate use (e.g., new strains of E. coli, Staph. aureus, gonorrhea, tuberculosis); new drugs under development due to ‘new market’ (10+ years) |
| Antibiotics generally act on bacteria via: | inhibit nucleic acid (RNA/DNA) synthesis (rifampin), inhibition of protein synthesis (tetracyclin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol), inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis (penicillin, bacitracin), alter cell wall permeability (polymixin), block bacterial cellular metabolism ( sulfonamides) |
| Chlamydia (#1 STD) does what? | infects cells of genital and urinary tracts; in female may preferentially affect the cervix, and may produce pain; however many infections may occur without symptoms; bacterium may eventually spread to lymph nodes; left untreated, may result in PID, infertility and ectopic pregnancy |
| Chlamydia treatment | tetracycline |
| Gonorrhea - ‘ the clap’ frequency | 16 differenct strains; forth in frequency in 1996 (>418,000/yr); |
| Gonorrhea - ‘ the clap’ effects | infects epithelial cells of genital tract, rectum, throat and eye membranes; in early stages may be more obvious in males due to discharge, and left untreated may cause inflammation of testes and epididymus, and sterility; may go undetected in female (up to 80% asymptomatic); 2-5 d incubation period; role of contraceptive pill; transmitted by contact! |
| Gonorrhea treatment | e.g., penicillin, tetracycline, but antibiotic-resistant strains!! |
| occurence of Syphilis | since 1984, incidence nearly doubled in females ages 15-24; |
| effects of Syphilis | produces nonpainful ulcer ‘chancre’ in 1o stage (incubation period of 21 days, then symptoms disappear within 3 to 6 weeks); 2o bacteria migrates to lymph (six weeks to six months); 3o, 5-20 years later, insanity , paralysis, blindness, heart disease |
| treatment of Syphilis | penicillin effectively cures during early stages |
| Chancroid | common among prostitutes, as women are usually asymptomatic; causes genital ulcers; untreated, may spread to lymph nodes in the pelvic region and destroy tissues |
| Chancroid treatment | erythromycin |
| Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) | general condition in women caused by serious complications of one or combinations of STDs discussed above (commonly chlamydial and gonorrhea infection); diagnosed in 1 million women per year, mostly sexually active, under the age of 25. |
| Cause of PID | Caused by several forms of bacterial STDs (75% of cases), but not always (e.g., Strep., Staph, E. coli) |
| Treatment of PID | treat for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria (e.g., gentamicin) |
| How PID occures | occurs when microorganisms ascend into the uterus to the fallopian tubes and ovaries; severe pain, discharge, fever; is leading cause of infertility among young women, especially following multiple episodes: 1st - 12% infertility; 2nd - 23%; 3rd - 54% |
| Animal Parasites | animal parasites (arthropods, related to spiders) may be transmitted by bodily (but not necessarily sexual) contact |
| pubic lice | (‘crabs’ are blood-sucking) |
| parasitic mite | that causes scabies (lays eggs under skin causing tremendous iching) |
| treatment of Animal Parasites | with antiparasitic drugs to infested area, highly curable |
| Candida albicans | is a fungal yeast causing vaginitis and inflammation on the penis |
| Trichomonas vaginalis | a protozoan parasite that can cause vaginitis, including severe inflammation, painful urination, and discharge (second leading cause, behind Candida; 5 million cases annually in the U.S.) |
| treatment of Fungal and Protozoan STDs - | metronidazole |
| how to block viral and bacterial STD transmission | avoiding infection still the first line of defense (abstinence, condoms) |
| antimicrobial spermacides | (nonoxynol-9, C31G) acts as detergent that disrupt outer membrane of sperm, bacteria (gonorrhea, chlamydia) and viruses (HIV); also spermicides that can also prevent viral replication (n-Docosanol) and spermacides that maintain a bacteriocidal acidic environment within the vagina (ReProtect) |
