| A | B |
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| 4 Reasons Why Muslims Successfully Spread Islam: | 1) The Arabs were strong fighters, they took over lands easily; 2) The Byzantine and Persian empires were weak from fighting each other; 3) Muslims were united by their religion; 4) Muslim leaders treated people fairly (many people welcomed Muslim leaders and converted to Islam) |
| Hajj: | 5th Pillar - the pilgrimage to Mecca that all Muslims have to make once in their life time |
| How did the Hajj help caused cultural diffusion? | Pilgrims came from all over the world; Trade = ideas & goods were carried by these caravans from all over the world & exchanged |
| 3 General Areas within Muslim Empire: | Middle East, North Africa, Spain & Scicily, Northern India, (On 3 continents: Europe, Africa, Asia) |
| Baghdad (why was it the “jewel of the world”? Influenced by whom?): | All of the world’s scholars came to Baghdad to learn & teach at the House of Wisdom (Influenced by greks & Romans); mathematics, Algebra, trigonometry, engineering, astronomy, |
| 2 Achievements from Baghdad House of Wisdom: | 1) They developed the system of Arabic numerals we use today for our number system; 2) Muslim scholars translated the writings of the Greeks into Arabic |
| Subjects that Muslims studied? | mathematics, Algebra, trigonometry, engineering, astronomy |
| Two Advancements in Medicine: | 1) First to discover germs – that disease was transported by invisible things; 2) Quarantined (separated) & treated sick people in hospitals so diesease would not spread |
| 2 Achievements from Studying the Eye (what device would be created? What surgery developed?) | Muslim doctors studied light, the lens and human eye which later led to the development of the camera; 2) Removed cataracts (clouding of the eyes caused by a liquid; they would use a needle to suck up the liquid) |
| How did Muslims Keep Records? | They used paper |
| Why was Cordoba a “city of light”? | Cordoba was a center of learning and achievement with Hospitals, street lights, libraries, palaces & big houses |
| Ottomans (3 characteristics of who they were): | Turkish speaking, nomadic, Muslims. They had moved through Asia Minor to take on the Byzantines; |
| 2 Advantages of the Ottomans over the Byzantines: | 1) used CANNONS to smash Constantinople's defenses, also equipped its army with MUSKETS; 2) changed the Constantinople's name to Istanbul and made the ancient Christian city the new capital of the Muslim’s empire |
| 2 Ways Ottomans Affected European Trade: | Because the Ottomans controlled the eastern Mediterranean Sea Western Europe’s trade with East Asia was interfered with so Europeans began to look for new routes in the oceans |
| Suleiman: | a sultan, a Turkish ruler; rule are considered the “Golden Age” of the Ottoman history: Called "The Law-Given" by Ottomans & "The magnificent" by Westerners |
| 3 Ways Suleiman Changed the Ottoman Empire: | strengthened the government; improved the system of justice; based Ottoman law on Islamic Law |
| Order of Muslims Society (from Highest to Lowest) | 1. Men of the Pen = highly educated people [scientists, lawyers, poets; 2. Men of the Sword: = members of the military; 3. Men of negotiation = business people [money-changers, traders, artisans]; 4. Men of Husbandry = fourth & final class, included farmers & herders [people who worked and lived off the land] |
| Millets: | C. Non-Muslims organized into religious communities (Each millet could practice their own religion and teach its own people —as long as it followed the law) |
| Janissaries: | an elite force in the Ottoman army |
| Internal AND External Reasons for Fall of Ottoman Empire: | Internal Disorder: Corruption, poor leadership - nations began to break away from the Empire; EXTERNAL: European military advancements defeated the Ottoman Empire’s fleet and European Commercial Revolution cur Ottomans out of global trade |
| Compare the Golden Age of Islam to the European Renaissance. Give THREE reasons why each can be considered a Golden Age AND explain how they helped to change the world. | Both: times of great achievements; both influenced by Greece & Rome. Islam: 1) advances in mathematics - led to number system used today; 2) Advances in medicine led to understanding disease spread by germs (thus vaccinations, antibiotics); modern hospitals; cataract surgery; 3) study of eye lens led to invention of camera Renaissance: 1) scientific method - observation, experimentation (heliocentric solar system, telescope, laws of gravity, etc.) - led to modern science; 2) art - use of new techniques stressing realism (perspective, oil paints, shading, human anatomy) - techniques still used; 3) printing press/ books written in ordinary languages - spread new ideas & new religion across Europe & world |
| What factors helped the Ottomans defeat the Byzantine Empire and other lands? How were these factors similar to Mongolian success? | Advanced weapons (cannons, muskets); treated conquered people fairly as long as they paid taxes & obeyed laws; peace & prosperity brought trade 7 cultural diffusion. Like Mongols' advanced military skills, treated conquered peoples fairly, unity of large empire = peace, prospeity, trade, cultural diffusion |
| What were THREE achievements that made the Ottoman Empire a great place to live? | 1) Ottomans had a strong efficient government with laws & great justice system; 2) Ottomans had a "Golden Age" of achievements in art, architecture, etc, blending Byzantine & Muslim cultures; 3) Ottomans had many diverse people with many religions & even non-muslims could move up in society. |
| Explain how the Ottomans changed European Trade. How did the Europeans change? | The Muslims interfered with the Mediterranean routes, so Europeans began to look for new routes in the oceans |
| Eventually, what did the Europeans end up doing to the Ottomans? | Europeans eventually had more advanced military technology & were able to defeat Ottoman fleets. The European Commercial revolution led Europeans to be more industrially & economically advanced that the Ottomans who were basically a farming empire - thus Europeans dominated global trade |
