| A | B |
|---|
| Glaciers | Huge sheets of ice |
| Mesoamerica | Middle America |
| Olmec | The people that lived near present-day Vera Cruz, Mexico; developed a large trading empire |
| Teotihuacan | "Place of the Gods,"; Major city of the Olmec; One of the first planned cities in America |
| Maya | Indigenous people of the Yucatan Peninsula; disappeared mysteriously |
| Toltec | Indigenous people of what is now northern Mexico |
| Monopoly | Total control of a single product or service |
| Moche | Indigenous people of the dry coastal plain of what is now Chile/Peru |
| Inca | Indigenous empire, created in northwest South America in the Andes Mountains |
| Cuzco | Capital city of the Inca |
| Hohokam | Indigenous people of what is now the state of Arizona; this culture was thought to begin about 300 C.E. |
| Anasazi | This civilization built apartments in canyons and cliffs (in what is now northeastern Arizona and western New Mexico); culture began to develop about 600 C.E. |
| Cahokia | Largest city of the Mississippian culture; located in what is now southwestern Illinois |
| Peten | Mayan word meaning "flat region"; the region largely in present-day Guatemala, area of abundantly rich vegetation and life. |
| Tenochtitlan | A great Aztec city located at present-day Mexico City; "place of prickly pear cactus" |
| Pachacuti | "Earthshaker"; an Inca leader; built one of the strongest and largest ancient empires in the America; created a strong central government; built extensive road network through the empire. |
| Quipu | A rope with knotted cords that served as a calculator |
| Igloos | Dome-shaped homes made from ice and snow |
| Adobe | Sun-dried mud bricks used to build homes in the desert Southwest |
| Confederations | Governments that link several groups |
| Iroquois | A prominent confederation of the peoples of the North American northeast (Onondaga, Seneca, Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga) |
| Christopher Columbus | Italian sea captain who sailed under the Spanish flag to the Americas; landed on the island of Hispaniola |
| Hispaniola | Island where present-day countries of Haiti and Dominican Republic are located |
| Conquistadors | Spanish conquerors; soldier-explorers sent to the Americas by Spain |
| Extremadura | A part of Spain that was a harsh environment and produced some of the most feared conquistadors |
| Hernan Cortes | Conquistador who conquered the Aztec civilization |
| Montezuma II | Aztec Emperor who was confronted and conquered by Cortes |
| Malintzin | A woman who served as a translator for the Cortes expedition to conquer the Aztec Empire |
| Treason | To express disloyalty to the government or leader |
| Francisco Pizarro | Conquistador who conquered the Inca civilization |
| Atahualpa | Incan emperor who was confronted and defeated by Pizarro |
