| A | B |
|---|
| Scientific Revolution | time period where science changed by relying on reason and systematic measurement to understand the natural world |
| Scientific Method | process developed during the scientific revolution that focused on creating and testing a hypothesis |
| Heliocentric theory | accurate belief that the sun is the center of the solar system |
| Geocentric Theory | flawed belief that the earth was the center of the solar system |
| Age of Enlightenment | time period where reason and logic were applied to all aspects of life including government, politics, art and technology |
| French Revolution | time period in France where the French people overthrew their absolute monarchy and started to implement democratic ideals |
| Bastille Prison | building that was stormed by the French people in order to defend the revolution. It was the most symbolic act of the revolution. |
| Reign of Terror | radical rule by the Jacobins that resulted in the deaths of 40,000 "traitors" during the French revolution |
| Agricultural revolution | improvements in farming that resulted in increased productivity and decreased the need for farm labor |
| Absolutism | government where power is held by one person or a small group |
| divine right | belief that a king's authority comes from god |
| czar | title taken by russian leaders, starting with Ivan III |
| St. Petersburg | Russian city fouunded by Peter the Great as a "window to the west" |
| Versailles | palace built by Louis XIV as a symbol of imperial power |
| Parliament | a legislative group. In England it represented the people's voice in government |
| Magna Carta | signed in 1215, it was the 1st limit on a king's power in England. It later led to more rights for Englishmen |
| Jury System | 12 jurors decide the facts of a case |
| The Restoration | time period where Charles II was given the throne in England following the harsh rule of Oliver Cromwell |
| The Glorious Revolution | term used to refer to William and Mary's ascension to the English throne |
| English Bill of Rights | 1689 parliamntary law that placed more limits on the power of the English monarch |
| English Civil War | war fought between the supporters of Parliament (Cromwell) and the supporters of the king (Charles I) |
| Mughal empire | centered in India it was descended from the Mongols |
| Ottoman Empire | empire centered in Asia Minor and united by Islamic faith |
| Shogun | military leader in Japan who held all real political power |
| Japan's emperor | powerless leader in Japan who was worshipped by the people |
| Taj Mahal | greatest example of Mughal architecture |
| Foreign Enclaves | areas in China that foreign trade was restricted to. |
| Tories | political party that supported the King |
| Whigs | political party that supported Parliament |
| Islam | major religion for both the Ottoman and Mughal Empires |
| Astrolabe | Navigation device originally developed by the Greeks and later perfected by Muslims, it told measured degrees away from the equator |
| Caravel | a sturdier ship used for navigation |
| circumnavigate | to sail around the Earth |
| Conquistador | term give to the Spanish conquerers of the Americas |
| Middle Passage | the long difficult journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas |
| Francis Drake | English explorer who circumnavigated the globe |
| Columbian exchange | exchange of products and technologies from one hemisphere to another that resulted from the discovery of the new world |
| Triangular trade route | three step trade route between Europe, W. Africa, and the Americas |
| Colony | overseas land established to help its parent/mother country |
| Mestizo | someone of a mixture of Native and European blood |
| smallpox | deadly disease that devastated the native population in the Americas |
| Mullatto | A person of mixed African and European descent in the latin American Caste System |
| Latin American Caste System | rigid social structure in Latin America that ranked people based on their racial background |
| Old World Agricultural products | Sugar Cane, Coffee, Tea |
| New Word Agricultural Products | Potato, Tomato, Tobacco, Maize |
| Joint Stock Companies | Businesses created by people who bought shares or stock in exchange for a % of the profit. These companies helped Europe start colonies. |
| British East India Company | British Joint Stock Company that gained control over India |
| spices | major trade item sought by Europeans that helped spur exploration |
| inflation | major economic problem that resulted from Spain's importation of precious metals |
| race | charateristic that slavery became based around as a result of the triangular trade route |
| Christianity | major religion that contributed to the age of exploration by seeking more followers |
| Africa | destination for the first leg of the triangular trade route where manufactured goods were traded for slaves |
| Europe | starting point and final destination for triangular trade route where raw materials were sold for profit. |
| Americas | destination for the first leg of the triangular trade route where slaves were traded for agricultural products |
| Italy | country thta intially held a monopoly on the spice trade earning them great proftis |
| indigenous | term that means "native" and referred to the people and empires of the Americas |
| Constantinople | city that was conquered by muslism and closed to christian traders causing Europeans to search for a different way to reach Asia |
| Plantation | large scale farms that hurt both the local economy and the environment |
| Latin America | areas south of the US that speak a language derived from LAtin (ex. Spanish, French, Portuguese) |
| Viceroy | colnial officials or governors placed in charge of colonies. They served as "vice"-kings |
| Creoles | term for those of European heritage that were born in Latin America |
| Peninsulares | those who were borin in Europe but lived in Latin America |
| Mestizos | term for thos of mixed European and Native descent |
| Catholic Church | major religion in Latin America |
| Monroe Doctrine | stated the LAtin America had right to its independence and Europe should not attempt to recolonize Latin America |
| Haiti | colony that earned its independence from France |
| Havana | Major colonial outpost in Cuba |
| Mexico City | major colonial outpost in Mexico |
| Lima | Major colonial outpost in Peru |
| Sao Paulo | major colonial outpost in Brazil |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | French general who became emperor of France and tried to conquer all of Europe |
| Napoleonic Code | Napoleon's law code and lasting contribution to European Politics |
| Congress of Vienna | meeting held by Europe's leaders after the defeat of Napoleon to try to restore Europe's borders to they way they were before. |
| Balance of Power | policy favored at the Congress of Vienna, based around having empires of similar power in order to preserve peace |
| 1848 revolutions | revolutions across Europe fueled by nationalism that failed to produce any actual democratic reforms |
| Conservatism | political ideology based around relying on past traditions, favored by nobility |
| Liberalism | political philosophy based around giving commoners more political rights and supporting democracy. Favored by middle class merchants |
| Radicalism | exreme political philosophy based around expanding democracy and redistributing wealth. Favored by the peasants and poorer classes |
| Nation | a group of people unitied by common characteristic (language, religion, etc) |
| Nation-State | A country that contains mainly people from the same nation |
| Nationalism | pride in one's people or land, to the extent where you feel it is superior to others |
| Papal States | portion of Italy controlled by the pope. This was the last group to join Italian unification. |
| Vatican City | Portion of Rome still controlled by Catholic Church today |
| Realpolitik | philosophy based around doing whatever it takes to make your country more powerful, without regard to morals |
| Franco-Prussian War | War that completed German unification by bringing in S. German states in a conflict against France |
| German confederation | loose combination of 39 German kingdoms, that was dominated by Austria and Prussia |
| Britain | country who avoided revolution by granting more democratic reforms to its people |
| 95 Theses | Martin Luther's published criticism of the Catholic Church |
| Protestant | the term given to the group of Christians who protested and broke away from the Catholic Church |
| Usury | making of loans with interest, it was forbidden by the Catholic Church |
| Indulgences | sold by the church as penance for sins, people thought they could buy their way into heaven |
| Excommunicate | to be expelled from the church |
| Predestination | Religious theory of John Calvin that claimed that God determined at birth whether some one would achieve salvation or not |
| Theocracy | a government where religious leaders are in control |
| Anglican Church | name for the new church formed and led by Henry VIII when he broke from the Catholic Church |
| Hapsburg Family | powerful ruling family in Europe who were strong supporters of the catholic church |
| The Thirty Years' War | Conflict in Europe that began in Germany and was fought between German Protestant and Catholic nobles |
| Huguenots | name given to Protestants in France |
| Edict of Nantes | issued by King Henry IV of France to give the Huguenots religious freedom |
| Catholic Counter Reformation | series of reforms made by the Catholic Church to try to gain/keep followers |
| Jesuits (society of Jesus) | Catholic goup of priests who taught and spread Catholicism throughout the world |
| Council of Trent | meeting of Catholic leaders to attempt to reform Catholic Doctrine |
| Inquisition | established by the Catholic Church to enforce their doctrine |
| Ignatius | founder of the Society of Jesus |
| Printing Press | new invention that helped increase literacy and spread ideas |
| Spanish armada | massive fleet of ships sent to try to force Catholic beliefs on England. It was defeated in 1588 allowing England to remain protestant and continue to grow in power. |
| Islam | monotheistic religion closely connected to Judaism and Christianity that believes Muhammad is Allah's (God's) most important prophet. It is based in the Middle East but has spread to N. Africa and parts of Asia |
| Monotheism | Belief in one god |
| Torah | The holy book of Judaism, it makes up the first 5 books of the old testament |
| Judaism | the original monotheistic religion, it is the foundation for both Christianity and Islam. |
| Israel | area where judaism first developed it would become holy land for Christianity and Islam also |
| Koran | the holy book of Islam |
| Muhammad | according to Islam h is god's most important prophet and the founder of Islam |
| The 5 pillars of Islam | the basic duties of every follower of Islam. |
| Buddhism | religion/philosophy that began in India and spread to Asia and SE Asia. |
| Nirvana | the state of enlightenment (or state of no desires) that is the goal for Buddhists to reach |
| Hinduism | Indian religion based on ending a cycle of re-birth and re-uniting with the universal spirit |
| Renaissance | literally it means "re-birth," and refers to the time period in which people started to re-focus on classical Greek and Roman ideas, and also began focusing heavily on art and education |
| Humanism | renaissance philosophy that focused on the individual worth of humans, and believed that people should expect some earthly comforts. |
| Christianity | religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus, closely related to Judaism |
| New Testament | holy book for Christians that details the teacings of Jesus. |
| Cultural Diffusion | the spread of ideas from one place to another |
| Sonnets | 14 line poems developed by Petrarch that were popular during the renaissance |
| Essay | short writings were he author specifically states his point of view |
| Silk roads | series of trade routes between Asia and the Mediterranean Basin |
| Monsoon | seasonal winds in the Indian Ocean that impacted trade in that area |
| Marco Polo | Trader from Venice believed to have traveled to China and recorded his journey |
| Communism | economic theory practiced by the USSR during the Cold War. It relies on a government controlled economy |
| Capitalism | Economic theory practiced by the USA during the cold war. It relies on private enterprise. |
| Yalta conference | Meeting of FDR, Churchill, and Stalin to discuss post war Europe. It allowed Stalin to keep control of the countries in E. Europe that he occupied during WWII |
| Deterrence | showing strength to deter or prevent an enemy from atacking |
| H-Bomb | new more powerful nuclear weapon developed by both the US and USSR |
| Iron Curtain | term for the "satellite"communist countries in E. Europe indirectly controlled by the USSR |
| NATO | Allies of the USA in the cold war. Mainly included W. Europe and Canada |
| Warsaw Pact | allies of the USSR in the cold war. Mainly included Iron Curtain countries |
| Taiwan | Island off of the coast of China that the nationalists fled to after the Chinese Civil War |
| Chinese Civil War | 1946-1949 conflict between communists and nationalists for control of China. The communists controlled the mainland while the Nationalists controlled Taiwan. |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | conflict between the USA and USSR over soviet missiles placed near US |
| Korean War | Cold War conflict involving USA supporting one side, and the USSR and China supporting the other. It resulted in a stalemate leaving the country still divided today |
| DMZ | border that divides N. Korea and S. Korea today |
| Vietnam War | conflict where US tried to stop spread of communism as part of policy of containment. After the US defeat, the country at the center of this conflict was re-united under a communist government |
| Berlin Airlift | US decision to deliver supplies to Soviet blockaded W. Berlin |
| Berlin Wall | Barrier built by the communists that prevented communist E. Berliners from entering capitalist W. Berlin. |
| Glasnost | "openness" a reform of Gorbachev that allowed for more freedom of speech |
| Perestroika | "Restructuring" a gorbachev reform that allowed for some elements of capitalism |
| Russia | country that inherited the USSR's nuclear arsenal when the USSR dissolved |
| West Berlin | Prosperous city totally surrounded by communist E. Germany |
| France | country that had possessed Vietnam as its colony prior to independence |
| Japan | country whose defeat in WWII led to opportunities for new governments to arise |
| Mainland China (PRC) | portion of China that became communist after the Chinese Civil War |
| Nationalism | idea that led to independence movemments in E. Europe that helped weaken USSR |
| Democracy | political system favored by US that allowed for free election of government officials |
| Dictatorship | political system favored by USSR limited the rights of people |
| 1991 Coup | failed attempt by old communists to take end Gorbachev's reforms and reinstate communism. Its failure resulted in the dissolution of the USSR |
| Poland | country whose nationalist "Solidarity" movement helped bring reforms and end Communism |
| Germany | country that was reunited after te fall of the Berlin Wall |
| containment | policy of keeping communism from spreading rather than trying to eliminate it where it existed |
| Mercantilism | economic theory that a country's power is based on its wealth |
| Commercial Revolution | Change in economic practices from 1500 to 1700 |
| exports | goods sold to another country |
| imports | goods bought from another country |
| balance of trade | # of imports v. # of exports |
| Industrial Revolution | 1750-1860 dramatic inrease in manufactured goods |
| Capitalism | economic theory based on open competition and free enterprise |
| Socialism | government owns some aspects of the economy and rules in the interes of the people |
| Communism | extreme socialism, the government owns all aspects of industry |
| "Laissez-Faire" | "leave alone" idea that the government should not get involved in the economy |
| Cottaage industries | work done in the home |
| enclosure movement | practice of converting common land to private fields |
| Labor Unions | organization that spoke for members of same trade/job |
| Collective bargaining | negotiations between labor unions and management for wages and conditions |
| suffrage | right to vote |
| Imperialism | policy of conquering and ruling other lands for the enefit of a mother country |
| Colony | a land settled and ruled by a foreign government to benefit the mother country |
| Protectorate | a country that has its government controlled by a foreign country but is allowed to have its local leader keep their title |
| Sphere of Influence | a land that is dominated by, but not directly controlled by a foreign government |
| Suez Canal | waterway linking the Mediterranean and Red Sea. It was very important to European powers such as Britain |
| British East India Company | British Company that dominated India from 1750 to 1850 |
| Sepoy Rebellion | Rebellion against British East India Company led by Indian Soldiers who had previously fought for the British |
| Boxer Rebellion | uprising of Chinese Peasants designed to rid China of foreigners. It failed, resulting in a larger european presence in China. |
| Matthew Perry | American admiral who forced Japan to open its ports to trade |
| Russo-Japanese War | war betweem Russia and Japan that established Japan as a world power |
| "White Man's Burden" | poem by Rudyard Kipling that expressed racist ideas about the European's superiority over the Africans |
| Frederich Engels | Communist author who co-wrote the Communist manifesto with Karl Marx. |
| Treaty of Versailles | Peace settlement ending WWI, it was harsh on Germany and had many lasting effects on Europe, many leading to conflict |
| Bolsheviks | the communist supporters of Lenin |
| Red Army | Bolshevik forces during the Russian Civil War |
| White Armies | armies that opposed the Bolsheviks during the russian civil war |
| USSR | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, it was the new name given to Russia after the Bolshevik revolution |
| New Economic Policy | Lenin's policy that introduced some aspects of capitalism into communist Russia |
| League of Nations | international organization estabished by the Treaty of Versailles to try and prevent conflict |
| Mandate System | system of ruling territory by the League of Nations until the territory was fit for independence |
| Collective Security | idea of L of N to work together as one to preserve peace |
| appeasement | making concessions in order to prevent conflict |
| Great Depression | Horrible Economic Slump that began in USA and spread to all industrialized countries |
| Tariffs | taxes on imported goods, used to protect a country' industry |
| Black Tuesday | low point where NYSE market crashed |
| Fascist Party | nationalist party started by Mussolini in Italy |
| Propaganda | advertisements made by the government to make people think a certain way |
| Nazi Party | fascist party in Germany led by Hitler. |
| Anti-Semitism | extreme hatred of Jews |
| Kristallnacht | "Night of Breaking Glass" date when Nazis destroyed Jewis shops and synagoguesh |
| Nuremberg laws | official laws that restricted Jewish rights |
| Great Purge | Stalin's efforts to eliminate all suspected opponents in USSR |
| 5 year Plans | targets for induustrial and agricultural production set by Stalin to try and catch up to western countries |
| Indian National Congress | nationalist group formed in 1880s to help gain more freedoms for India's people |
| British East India Company | joint stock company responsible for helping Britain colonize India |
| Partition of India | decision by Britain to divide Indian territory into 5 independent countries due to differences in religion and ethnicity |
| Sri Lanka | island country formally called Ceylon and created in Partition of India |
| Pakistan | mainly Muslim country created after the partition of India |
| Bangladesh | Formerly East Pakistan, it won its independence from W. Pakistan with help from India |
| Hinduism | the primary religion in India |
| Islam | the primary religion in Pakistan and Bangladesh after the partition of India |
| Civil Disobedience | refusing to obey unjust laws as a form of protest |
| Kashmir | disputed territory between India and Pakistan that still leads to tension between the two countries |
| UN charter | document that created the United Nations and urged for self determination to be granted to the people of the world |
| Self determination | the idea that people should be able to choose for themselves how they are ruled |
| Apartheid | policy of legal separation in South Africa to discriinate against the black africans |
| African National Congress | political party in S. Africa created to end apartheid, it was banned for many years by S. Africa's government |
| Kenya | won its independence from Britain after a violent struggle |
| Algeria | won its independence from France after a long and bloody civil war |
| Ghana | had a relativeply peaceful tranistion to independence from Britain |
| Developed Countries | countries with large middle classes, high literacy rates, low population growth, and modern infrastructures |
| Developing countries | countries with large gaps in wealth, poor health care, low literacy rates, and lack modern conveniences |
| Deforestation | environemental problem facing development countries as they clear forest land for arge scale farming |
| Guest Workers | immigrants who migrate to developed countries often to perform low paying jobs, causing friction and tension in those countries |
| Middle East | area of the world that features a conflict between Muslim Arabs and Jewish Israelis |
| Balkans | Area of the world featuring conflict between Serbs, Croats, and Bosnian muslims |
| "Asian Tigers" | term given to asian capitalist economies that have seen their |
| Russo-Japanese War | war betweem Russia and Japan that established Japan as a world power |
| Militarism | policy of glorifying Military power |
| Central powers | Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire during WWI |
| Allied Powers | France, Russia, and Britain during WWI |
| 14 points | Wilson's plan for peace after WWI |
| The Treaty of Versailles | Main peace treaty following WWI, it failed to establish a long lasting peace |
| Self-Determination | idea that people should decide for themselves how they should be ruled |
| Mandates | territorial possessions that were given to the Allied countries to be ruled until the people that lived in them could rule themselves |
| League of Nations | international organization established adter WWI to try to resolve conflicts |
| Treaty of Versailles | Peace settlement ending WWI, it was harsh on Germany and had many lasting effects on Europe, many leading to conflict |
| Serfs | poor peasants in Russia similar to slaves. Serfdom kept Russia a backwards country |
| Bolsheviks | the communist supporters of Lenin |
| USSR | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, it was the new name given to Russia after the Bolshevik revolution |
| New Economic Policy | Lenin's policy that introduced some aspects of capitalism into communist Russia |
| League of Nations | international organization estabished by the Treaty of Versailles to try and prevent conflict |
| Mandate System | system of ruling territory by the League of Nations until the territory was fit for independence |
| Great Depression | Horrible Economic Slump that began in USA and spread to all industrialized countries |
| Tariffs | taxes on imported goods, used to protect a country' industry |
| Black Tuesday | low point where NYSE market crashed |
| Propaganda | advertisements made by the government to make people think a certain way |
| Communism | type of govenrment Bolsheviks established in Russia after 2nd revolution |
| Russian Civil War | conflict fought between communist red army and anti-communist white armies for control of Russia's govenrment |
| Turkey | country that replaced the Ottoman empire following WWI |
| Zimmerman Telegraph | ntoe sent by Germany to Mexico that ecouraged Mexico to attack the USA |
| Provisional Government | replaced Tsar Nicholas II during WWI, continued to fight the war and was later replaced by Bolsheviks |
| Franklin Roosevelt | American president during most of WWII |
| Appeasement | policy of making concessions to preserve peace it was an indirect cause of WWII |
| Hiroshima | 1st Japanese city attacked with Atomic weapons by USA |
| War crimes trials | trials held after WWII for Nazi and Japanese leaders. Convicted and execued Tojo. |
| Nagasaki | 2nd city attacked by USA with Atom bomb |
| Genocide | systematic and purposeful destruction of an entire group of people |
| Final solution | Hitler's plan to elminate all of the Jews in Europe |
| Berlin | German capital, it was divided into different zones by the allies after WWII |
| Iron Curtain | term given by Winston Churchill to the e. europe countries under the influence of Stalin |
| Marshall Plan | US aid package to Europe after WWII |
| United Nations | new international peacekeeping organization created ater WWII. |
| Pearl Harbor | US Naval base in Hawaii, attacked by the Japanese in an attempt to cripple the US navy. The attack brought the US into WWII |
| Battle of Midway | turning point in war in Pacific, US went on the offensive against Japan after this battle |
| D-Day invasion | Allied attack that began their campaign to free France from Nazi control. |
| Palestine | british held madate that became the independent state of Israel |
| Al Qaeda | terrorist group formerly led by Osama Bin Laden that attacked the US on 9/11/2001 |
| 1972 munich olympics | example of terrorist kidnapping, was led by palestinians against Israel |
| Aswan High Dam | Built by Gamal Nasser to supply electricity to Egypt |
| suicide bombs, hijackings, car bombs | terrorist tactics |
| yom kippur war | war where Israel defeated an arab led invasion and expanded territory |
| Universal Declaration of Human Rights | issued by the UN in 1948 it stated standards for the treatment of all humans |
