| A | B |
| Chomsky | competence vs. performance |
| Krashen | Input Hypothesis |
| Affective | anxiety |
| Long | Interaction Hypothesis |
| Interlanguage | = the language of the learner |
| Swain | Output Hypothesis |
| Vygotsky | Zone of Proximal Development |
| Piaget | Learning & development are independent processes |
| ZPD | Today's potential development level becomes tomorrow's actual developmental level. |
| mediation | books, visuals, classroom discourse patterns, opportunities for interaction, teacher assistance |
| private speech | convergence of thought and language |
| language play | a form of mediation |
| Variable Competence Model | Learners use a mix of conscious and subconscious processes to produce language. |
| Interaction Hypothesis | modification in conversation makes input comprehensible |