| A | B |
|---|
| cartographer | map maker |
| caravel | (bigger, stronger ships) helped explorers use the wind to cross the seas |
| Prince Henry | Prince of Portugal known as Henry the Navigator, gathered experts in science, cartography and shipbuilding |
| Vasco Da Gama | first explorer to sail around the Cape of Good Hope at the tip of Africa and on to India, thus establishing a trade route around Africa to India, bringing him and Portugal great wealth |
| Cape of Good Hope | dangerous sea passage at the tip of Africa so called because explorers hoped to God they would make it through the storms |
| Ferdinand & Isabella | Monarchs of Spain who sponsored Columbus' voyages to find a sea route to India & the Spice islands & spread Christianity |
| Christopher Columbus | Sailing for west India, Columbus accidently reached the Americas [a totally new continent]. claiming these for Spain |
| Line of Demarcation | Line created by Pope Alexander to settle the dispute between Spain & Portugal over the islands Columbus explored. Spain got the land to the west of the line & Portugal got the land in the east. |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | Treaty (1494) between Spain and Portugal that set the Line of Demarcation dividing the land in America between them |
| Circumnavigation | sailing a complete circle around the world |
| Ferdinand Magellan | first voyager to complete a circumnavigation of the world; During his voyage Magellan claimed and island chain in the Pacific Ocean today called the Philippines |
| the Philippines | island group in the Pacific that gave Spain a base from which to trade with China and spread Catholic teachings into east Asia |
| imperialism | DOMINATION by one country of a political and/or economic life over another country |
| a colony | lands controlled by another country (like Spain) that exist to benefit that country |
| The Boers/Cape Town | Dutch (People from the Netherlands), called Boers, created Cape Town at the southwest tip of Africa. Boers enslaved Africans they thought to be inferior |
| Portuguese in Asia | Portuguese took over the Indian Ocean trade routes, but really stunk at conquering territory. They were also resented because they were intolerant of other people. (They burned down Hindu temples, massacred Muslims, and sank ships) |
| Dutch East India company | Trading company in Asia set up by wealthy Dutch merchants. Dutch were better liked than Portuguese because they worked better with the native populations |
| sepoys | Indian troops who served in the French and the British armies in India |
| Britain & France in India | British and the French competed for Asia; Eventually Britain took control of India trade and pushed the French out of the region |
| conquistador | Spanish conquerors |
| plantations | large areas of land/estates |
| The Middle Passage | Slave Trip from Africa to the Americas on slave ships under horrible conditions during which millions of Africans died from disease, maltreatment or suicide. The rest: were forced to work on plantations when they arrived in America |
| The Columbian Exchange | Global exchange of people, plants, animals, ideas and technology changed people in Asia, Africa, the Americas and Europe. Since this started with Columbus, it is called the Columbian Exchange. To Europe, Africa, & Asia FROM America: maize [corn] & potatoes. To America FROM Europe, Africa, & Asia: bananas, rice, goats & chickens |
| mercantilism | Building a nation’s wealth by exporting more goods than the nation imports |
| exporting | A nation sends out goods to be sold |
| importing | A nation brings in goods to be bought |
| Encomienda System | a conquistador would be given the permission to demand labor or tribute from native Americans in the area |
| Peninsulares | People born in Europe were on top of Spanish American social class |
| Creoles | People of European descent but born in the colonies (second in Spanish American class system) |
| mestizos | People of mixed European and Native American descent |
| mulattoes | people of mixed European and African descent |
| Native Americans and African Descendants | bottom classes in Spanish American colonies |
| Why did Portugal & Spain want sea exploration? What technologies made this possible? | Europeans wanted Asian goods like spices: (cloves, cinnamon, pepper) to keep meat from spoiling, BUT the OTTOMAN EMPIRE controlled the trade routes from Asia to Europe in the eastern Mediterranean region which made trade expensive. So Europeans sought new trade routes to Asia by sea that would cut costs. NEW TECHNOLOGY such as the PRINTING PRESS that helped spread new ideas about geography, BETTER MAPS, the MAGNETIC COMPASS and CARAVELS (bigger, stronger ships that use the wind) helped explorers to cross the seas |
| How did DaGama, Columbus & Magellan change the Age of Exploration? | 1) Vasco Da Gama established a trade route from Portugal to India by sea around the tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope); 2) Christopher Columbus accidently discovered North and South America which he thought was India; 3) Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigated around the world |
| Why did European countries practice imperialism? What countries were conquered by who? | IMPERIALISM meant that stronger countries wanted to dominate weaker countries politically or economically for the stronger country's benefit (ex. to get more natural resources & markets) Portugal explored the African coast & took it over – creating forts on the east & west coast; Dutch (People from the Netherlands) also called Boers, created Cape Town at the southwest tip of Africa & enslaved the Africans; The Portuguese took over the Indian Ocean trade routes, but the Dutch challenged Portuguese dominance and made their own trade route to Asia; Spain’s Ferdinand Magellan took control of the….Philippines – He helped to spread Christianity and used the Philippines to trade with China; The British and the French also competed for Asia, but eventually Britain took control of India trade; Spanish conquistadors, Cortes conquered the Aztec Empire & Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire in Mesoamerica |
| POSITIVE & NEGATIVE aspects of MERCANTILISM | POSITIVE = parent nations become wealthy NEGATIVE = slavery & the American colonies were exploited [robbed even] of their natural resources |
| POSITIVE & NEGATIVE aspects of the COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE | POSITIVE = cultural diffusion happened as food & ideas were exchanged; NEGATIVE = millions of native Americans were wiped out by European diseases |
| Why did the Spanish use the ENCOMIENDA system? | To help the Spanish colonists find workers, the Spanish created the Encomienda System: a conquistador would be given the permission to demand labor or tribute from native Americans in the area. This increase Spain’s wealth & gave them cheap labor |
| 3 reasons why the Spanish were successful in conquering the Aztecs & other native Americans | 1) Spanish had advanced weapons – cannons, swords, horses, armor, guns; 2) The tribes who were enemies of the Aztecs joined forces with the Spanish and helped the Conquistadors defeat the Aztecs; 3) European diseases such as small pox wiped out 80% of the natives because they had no immunity to them |
