| A | B |
|---|
| Absolutism | Idea that the King had absolute power, even over the Church & Pope |
| Divine Right of Kings | Idea that their absolute power was given to kings by God, it was God’s will for them to have absolute power |
| King Louis XIV | French King who built the Palace of Versailles, was one of the best example of Absolutism |
| Ivan the Terrible | Russian Czar who expanded its territory, & strengthened the Czar’s position, yet had mental problems |
| Glorious Revolution | English Revolution in which Protestant William of Orange became King, called glorious because no blood was spilled |
| Constitutional Monarchy | Form of govt in which a monarch’s power is restricted & the people are represented in a legislative body (Parliament) |
| Peter the Great | Russian Czar who ‘westernized Russia’, expanded its territory, & moved the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg |
| Hapsburgs | The ruling dynasty of Austria, Bohemia & expanded in Hungary. Controlled the politics of the HRE |
| Queen Elizabeth I | She ruled England by pacifying Parliament & ruling with absolute power-Daughter of Henry VIII & Anne Boleyn |
| Social Contract | Enlightenment idea stating that Monarchs received their power from the people to protect their safety |
| Checks & Balances | Political idea in which each branch of government can restrain the abuse of power by the other branches |
| Separation of Powers | Political idea in which governments should be broken into various branches according to their purpose |
| Enlightenment | Philosophical revolution in which people rethinked what is power, politics, government, the free will of man & society |
| Rationalism | The belief that truth could be concluded by the application of reason to observation |
| John Locke | Enlightenment think who believed that people were born with a tabula rosa-came up with right to life, liberty & property |
| Rousseau | Enlightenment thinker who believed that society should be ruled by the general will of the people |
| Adam Smith | Economist who wrote Wealth of Nations, about the law of supply & demand, and the rule of competition |
| Thomas Hobbes | He believed that monarchs received their power from the people in what he called a social contract |
| Mary Wollestonecraft | Enlightenment thinker who wanted the ideas of the Enlightenment applied to women as well as men |
| General Will | The ambitions of society based upon the majority decisions of the people |
| Declaration of Independence | Written by Thomas Jefferson stating the American colonies separation from Great Britain & complaints against the King |
| Bill of Rights | The 1st ten amendments to the US constitution |
| King Louis XVI | Was beheaded by the French people during the French Revolution |
| National Assembly | Representative body of the French people during French Revolution-wrote a new constitution |
| Reign of Terror | Carried out by the Committee of Public Safety & Robespierre to silence critics of the French Revolution by the guillotine |
| Robespierre | Leader of the Committee of Public Safety-was eventually beheaded by his followers |
| Napoleon | Emperor of the French, conquered much of Europe using divide & conquer tactics, was defeated at Waterloo |
| Wellington | General of coalition army against Napoleon and defeated him at Waterloo |
| Waterloo | Napoleon was defeated at this battle in Belgium in 1815 |
| Continental System | Economic strategy of Napoleon used to defeat Great Britain that didn’t allow Europe to trade with Great Britain |
| Nationalism | Feeling of pride and patriotism for one’s people & desire for your people to be ruled independently from others |
| Divide & Conquer | Strategy of Napoleon to defeat his enemies in which he separated his opponents in two and attacked each separately |
| Congress fo Vienna | Peace conference at end of Napoleonic wars to reinstate the balance of power in Europe & strengthen role of monarch |
| Industrialization | The transformation of using mechanical power instead of man & animal power to power nation’s factories & economies |
| Camillo Cavour | Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia during the unification of Italy- was the “Mind of Italy” |
| Guiseppe Garibaldi | Leaders of the Red Shirts in Italy, was a military success during the unification of Italy- was the “Sword of Italy” |
| Guiseppe Mazzini | Italian poet who wrote about the unification of Italy-was the “Heart of Italy” |
| Otto von Bismarck | Prussian Prime Minister who united Germany with “blood & iron” |
| 7 Weeks War | War between Prussia & Austria over land-Prussia won handedly and increased its prestige in Europe |
| Militarism | The belief that it is honorable to be a part of the military and that a strong military is needed for a country’s survival |
| Imperialism | The gathering and conquering of foreign lands for economic exploits. Creates racism and hostility. |
| Crimean War | War fought btwn Russia and the Ottomans, English, French over territory around Black Sea |
| Franco-Prussian War | War btwn France & Prussia over the territories of Alsace-Lorraine & Rhine valley-Prussia won handedly |
| Alfred T. Mahan | American Naval Strategist that wrote that the key to world power was to have a strong navy & to control the seas |
| Archduke Francis Ferdinand | Next in line to the Austrian throne-assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia by Gavrilo Princip |
| Pan-Slavism | A Slavic nationalist movement aimed at united all Slavs in Eastern Europe |
| Central Powers | Common name for the alliance of Germany, Italy & Austria-Hungary during WWI |
| Allied Powers | Common name for the alliance of Great Britain, France, Russia & eventually the US during WWI |
| Trench Warfare | Style of war prevalent on the Western Front in which soldiers dug in and fought very every yard of soil |
| Treaty of Versailles | Treaty btwn the Allied powers of Europe and Germany after WWI |
| Bolsheviks | Communist group that took over Russia during the Russian Revolution, led by Lenin |
| October Revolution | When Lenin and the Bolsheviks were able to take control of the Russian government |
| Vladimir Lenin | Leader of the Bolsheviks and communists revolutionary who led the Russian Revolution |
| Leon Trotsky | Lenin’s right hand man during the Russian Revolution and was in control of the Red Army |
| National Self-Determination | Idea that people had the right to rule themselves as independent countries-only applied to European people |
| 14 Points | Wilson’s plan on restructuring Europe and the world after WWI-tried to solve the problems that started WWI |
| War-Guilt Clause | Infamous addition to the Treaty of Versailles that made Germany accept total responsibility for starting WWI |
| League of Nations | Organization created after WWI as a method of insuring collective security-the US didn’t join this one |
| Social Darwinism | The belief that one group of people are better than other & are meant to rule others |
| Protectionism | The belief that one group of people are better than other & are meant to rule others |
| Schlieffen Plan | The practice of protecting one’s markets and access to them as well as the raw materials |
| Adolf Hitler | The Fuhrer, Leader of Nazi Germany |
| Nazis | Political party of Germany that gained power in the 1930’s whose symbol was the swaztika |
| Anti-Semitism | Feelings of hostilities toward the Jewish people |
| Stalin's Purges | When the dictator of the Soviet Union ridded his country of his enemies |
| Blitzkrieg | “Lightning War” Battle strategy used by Hitler using coordinated attacks of dive bombers, tanks, & infantry |
| Holocaust | The systematic killing of 6 million Jews & Romas, Slavs, Homosexuals, cripples & others by the Nazis |
| Anschluss | The union of Austria and Germany in by Hitler |
| Fascism | Form of government that stresses nationalism, imperialism under a totalitarian leader |
| Benito Mussolini | Il Duce-became dictator of Italy during the 1920’s and allied himself with Hitler during WWII |
| Joseph Stalin | Dictator of the Soviet Union after Lenin. |
| Winston Churchill | Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII |
| Munich Conference | Conference btwn Hitler, & Br. & Fr. Prime Ministers in which Hitler received the Sudetenland in exchange for peace |
| Stalingrad | The turning point of the war in Europe where the Soviets defeated the Germans and began pushing them back |
| Appeasement | Giving in to an aggressor to preserve peace |
| Battle fo Britain | Battle btwn Germany & Br. for air & sea supremacy in preparation for Hitler’s planned invasion of Great Britain |
| Operation Barbarrosa | The name for the 3 part plan for attacking the Soviet Union by Germany |
| Kurzsk | Largest tank battle in history in which the Soviets defeated the Germans |
| D-Day | When the Allied forces landed on the beaches of Normandy, France on June 6, 1944 |
| Battle of the Bulge | Hitler’s last-ditch effort to turn back the Allied forces on the Western front, named after the change of the line at the front |
| Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere | Name of Japan’s empire in the Pacific |
| Pearl Harbor | Place where Japan attacked the US on Dec. 7, 1941, hoping to destroy its carrier force and Navy in the Pacific |
| Hiroshima & Nagasaki | The two cities in Japan that the US dropped atomic bombs on |
| Axis Powers | Name of the alliance btwn Germany, Italy, & Japan during WWII |
| Mutual Assured Destruction | Name of the Nuclear war strategy during the Cold War because of its guaranteed outcome |
| Berlin Wall | It divided the capital city of Germany , symbolic of Iron Curtain, its fall coincides w/ fall of Communism |
| Cold War | Competition btwn US & USSR for global control, democracy v. communism |
| Korean & Vietnam Wars | Two Cold War conflicts where the US tried to halt the spread of Communism even though they were in Asia |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | 13 days in 1962 when the Soviets placed nuclear missiles in Cuba, closest the world has come to WW3 |
| NATO & Warsaw Pact | Names of the two alliance systems created after WWII |
| United Nations | World organization created after WWII as a form of collective security |
| Marshall Plan | The economic plan to rebuild the nations devastated in WWII, to prevent them from falling to communism |
| Enigma | Name of a code machine used by the Germans during WWII that was broken by the Poles |
