| A | B |
|---|
| Great Compromise | settled the issue of representation by creating the Senate based upon equality among the states, and the House of Representatives based upon population |
| three-fifths compromise | counted three-fifths of the slaves as a part of the population for representation and taxation purposes |
| Bill of Rights | first ten amendments to the Constitution guaranteeing the basic rights of American citizens; written by James Madison |
| strict interpretation | taking the Constitution word for word; do only what is specifically stated |
| loose interpretation | use the "necessary and proper" clause or "elastic clause" to stretch the Constitutional powers of the government |
| Virginia and Kentucky | written by Madison and Jefferson, they stated the states can declare federal laws unconstitutional (such as the Alien and Sedition Acts). This is called nullification. |
| Marbury Vs. Madison | first Supreme Court case to declare a federal law unconstitutional (judicial review) |
| doctrine of nullification | doctrine first stated in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions and later supported by Calhoun that said that states can declare federal laws unconstitutional |
| Dred Scott vs. Sanford | decision that stated that Blacks are not citizens and cannot sue in court. It also stated that only states can outlaw slavery. |
| secesssion | the right of a state to leave the union by withdrawing it ratification of the Constitution |
| 13th Amendment | abolished slavery in all parts of the U.S. |
| 14th Amendment | made Blacks citizens of the U.S. with equal rights |
| 15th Amendment | gave Black males the right to vote |
| Plessy vs. Ferguson | case that upheld Jim Crow laws, as long as the facilities were "separate but equal" |
| 16th Amendment | made it legal to have a federal income tax |
| 17th Amendment | gave the people the right to vote directly for their Senators |
| 18th Amendment | prohibited the manufacture, sale, transportation, or importation of alcoholic beverages |
| 19th Amendment | gave women the right to vote in all parts of the U.S. |
