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CHEMICAL BONDING

In this chapter, the concept that all substances in the universe are made up of essentially 109 different types of elements is presented. It is the combinations and recombinations of these 109 "universal" parts that produce the many substances that we see. Of major importance is that many combinations are possible due to the mutual attractions of tyhe outermost valence electrons in each atom to other atoms. These attractions for valence electrons usually produce a filled energy level when two or more atoms bond. It needs to be pointed out that a filled valence level means 8 electrons for elements, except for H and He.

At the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
a) describe chemical bonding,
b) identify the number of valence electrons
in an atom,
c) predict whether an atom is likely to form
bonds,
d) describe ionic, covalent, and metallic
bonding,
e) describe the properties associated with
substances containing each type of
bond.
AB
Chemical Bondingis the combining of elements to form new substances.
Valence Electronselectrons in the outermost energy level of an atom
Theorya unifying explanation for a broad range of hypothesis and observations that have been supported by testing
Chemical Bonda force of attraction that holds two atoms together
Ionsare charged particles that form during chemical changes when one or more valence electrons transfer from one atom to another.
Ionic Bondis the force of attraction between oppositely charged ions
Crystal Latticethe ions that make up an ion compound are bonded in a repeating three-dimensional pattern
Moleculeis a neutral group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.
Covalent Bondis the force of attraction between the nuclei of atoms and electrons shared by the atoms.
Metallic Bondis the force of attraction between a positively charged metal ion and the electrons in a metal
Reactantselements, molecules, or compounds involved in a chemical reaction
Endothermic Reactionchemical reaction that absorbs heat
Exothermic Reactionchemical reaction that releases heat
Acetic Acidchemical name of vinegar
Sodium Bicarbonatechemical name of baking soda
Diatomic elementsexist in nature as two atoms covalently bonded
Indicatorsused to identify chemical properties of a substance
Catalystcontrols and speeds up the rate of chemical reaction on substances
Electron-dot diagramsimple way to represent the valence electrons in an atom
Oxidation Numberthe number of electrons an atom gains, loses, or shares when it forms chemical bonds. It also describes its combining capacity.
Edwin Saramosing

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