| A | B |
|---|
| Aneurysms | A bulging or weakening in a vessel. |
| angiography | Injection of contrast media into the patients arterial system and tracking its movements by x-ray |
| Angioscopy | Invasive method used to visualize the interior of vessels. Requires a small, flexible endoscope attached to a camera and inserted into an extremity. |
| aorta | largest artery in the body |
| Aorta | The largest artery in the body; the large trunk artery that carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart to branch arteries. |
| aortic valve | between the left ventricle and the largest artery in the body |
| Aortic Valve Regurgitation | Asymptomatic, however some patients may exhibit symptoms of pulmonary venous hypertension. May also lead to congestive heart failure. |
| Arteriosclerosis | Thickening and loss of arterial wall elasticity, forming plaque and congestion of arterial inner walls, often resulting in inflammation. Mostly genetic |
| arteriotomy sequence | heparanize patient; distal clamp; proximal clamp; incise |
| Atherosclerosis | Progressive build up of substances constricts or occludes arterial vessels, reducing or obstructing blood flow. Mostly McDonald's and such. |
| atria | receive blood from lungs and body |
| atrioventricular (AV) node | only normal conduction pathway between the atrial and ventricular syncytia |
| Atrium | Upper chamber of the heart that receives and holds blood that is about to enter the ventricle. |
| Autotransfusion Machine (Cell Saver) | Used to recover blood as it is lost intraoperatively, filter it, anticoagulate it, wash it, and return it to patient. |
| average leukocyte count in a normal adult | 5000-10000 per mL^3 |
| Balloon Angioplasty | A technique used to dilate an area of arterial blockage with the help of a catheter that has an inflatable small sausage-shaped balloon at its tip. |
| bicuspid (mitral) valve | between left atrium and ventricle |
| bundle of His | group of fibers in the septum which receive impluse from the atrioventricular node |
| CABG | revascularization of the myocardium that has become ischemic due to stenotic or occluded coronary vessels |
| Cannulas | The placement of cannulas into the RA or Vena Cavae for draining venous blood to the heart lung machine & the ascending aorta for the return of arterial blood from the heart lung machine. |
| Cardiac Pacemaker | Uses pulse generator and electrodes to mechanically pace the heart. Placed under local anesthesia |
| chordae tendinae | fibers attatched to the tricuspid valve which pull it closed when papillary muscles contract, preventing backwash of blood |
| Chordae tendineae | "Heart strings" are tiny white collagenic cords that anchor the cusps to the ventricular walls, ensuring that blood flows only one way. They originate from the papillary muscles. |
| circle of willis | circle of arteries that supply blood to the brain; blood supply originates from the carotid and basilar arteries |
| claudication | cramping with exercise distal to an obstruction; AKA functional ischemia, where blood flow is adequate at rest but not during exertion |
| Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) | Inadequate blood flow from left ventricle causes volume overload, chambers dilation and elevated intracardiac pressure. |
| coronary arteries | provide myocardium with oxygenated blood; arise from the sinuses of Valsalva and terminate in the right atrium |
| coronary veins | transport blood from the heart muscles to the right ventricle |
| differential count | determines the percentage of each type of white blood cell; used to diagnose HIV, hepatitis, etc. |
| Doppler Scanning | Non-invasive procedure used to identify arterial or venous insufficiency. Obtained with a probe aimed toward the blood vessel at a 45-50 degree angle. The velocity of the flow of cells is converted into an audible signal heard through a speaker. |
| electrocardiogram (ECG) or EKG | recording of the electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle |
| Embolus | A clot or mass - air, blood clot, fat, or something else - that breaks lose and travels through the bloodstream. |
| endocardium | inner layer of the heart wall consisting of epithelium and connective tissue as well as some specialized muscle tissue |
| epicardium | layer that protects the heart by reducing friction |
| Erythrocyte | Red blood cell that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide within the bloodstream. |
| Ethibond | Used to secure valves into place. Non-absorbable Suture |
| Fogarty catheter | balloon catheters used to remove blood clots within vessels |
| Graft material | saphenous vein, internal mammary artery |
| Hematocrit | The percentage of erythrocytes to total blood volume. |
| Heparin | Anticoagulant used in vascular surgery to inhibit the formation of blood clots. May be added to both injections and irrigation during CV-PV surgery. |
| Hypertension | Abnormally high blood pressure. |
| interatrial septum | separates the two atria |
| Internal Defibrillator | Electrodes monitor changes in the heart rate, and deliver a synchronized shock to the heart during ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. |
| Internal Mammary Artery | A chest wall artery that descends from the aorta and is commonly used for bypass grafts. |
| interventricular septum | separates the two ventricles |
| Leukocyte | A white blood cell; typically functions in immunity, such as phagocytosis or antibody production. |
| Mediastinum | The heart is located in the middle ________ slightly left of the midline. |
| Mitral Valve Regurgitation | May remain asymptomatic for many years. Over a period of time the left ventricle hypertrophies leading to pulmonary venous hypertension. |
| Myocardial Ischemia | A reduction in blood flow to the myocardium leads to: |
| myocardium | thick middle layer of the wall of the heart; composed of smooth, cardiac muscle |
| nature's pacemaker | common name for SA node |
| Papaverine | Peripheral vasodilator - provides spasmolytic effect on the vein graft. |
| papillary muscles | responsible for pulling the atrioventricular valves closed by means of the chordae tendineae |
| parietal pericardium | separated from the epicardium by the pericardial cavity |
| Patent Ductus Areteriosus | A less common defect caused by failure of the fetal aortal ductus connection to close after birth. This alters the function of the aorta. |
| Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) | A balloon-tipped catheter is used to compress against the arterial lining in order to dilate the arterial wall, enlarging the lumen. |
| pericardium | layer that encloses the heart |
| Potts Angled Scissors | Used to dissect vascular tissue. |
| Prolene | Used to attach vascular grafts to the surgical site. Non-absorbable Suture |
| Protamine Sulfate | Heparin Antagonist * Neutralizes the effect of heparin. |
| Pulmonary Artery | One of two arteries (branches of the pulmonary trunk) that carry venous blood from the heart to the lungs. |
| pulmonary valve | link between right ventricle and artery extending from it |
| Pulmonary Vein | Any of four veins that carry arterial blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. |
| pump oxygenator | Assumes the role of the hert and lungs, Allows the heart to be stopped during cardiac procedures, Allows the lungs to be deflated. (Heart Lung Machine) |
| Purkinje fibers | extend from branches of bundle of HIS, stimulate muscle fibers in the ventricular walls |
| rubber shod (shoed) clamp | Instrument used in vascular surgery to "tag" the end of fine sutures. |
| Saphenous Vein | longest veins in the body - serve as the principal veins running superficially (near the surface) up the leg. |
| semilunar valves | pulmonary valve and aortic valve |
| septum | separates right and left sides of heart |
| Stenosis | Constriction or narrowing of vessel passageway: |
| stroke | ischemia of the brain due to cerebral hemorrhage, thrombus, or embolus |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | Most common cyanotic anomaly combines the following structural defects: pulmonary stenosis, high ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta and hypertrophy of the right ventricle. |
| Thrombus | A blood clot formed within a blood vessel and remaining attached to its place of origin. |
| TIA (transient ischemic attack) | episode of neurologic disfunction that resolves itself within 24 hours |
| tricuspid valve | between right atrium and ventricle |
| Tunica Adventitia | Outer layer of an artery: |
| tunica intima | innermost layer of an artery |
| Tunica Media | Middle layer of an artery: |
| universal donor blood type | O- |
| universal recipient blood type | AB+ |
| Valves | Veins contain ______ within them that ensure unidirectional blood blow. |
| valvular insufficiency | valve leaflets are degenerated or perforated, and-or annuli are dilated, and-or chordae are ruptured; causes valvular regurgitation |
| Valvular Regurgitation (insufficiency) | Occurs when the valve leaflets do not close properly or when the leaflets are perforated and blood escapes back into the atria during systole: |
| valvular stenosis | valves don't open well because of stiff, fibrous leaflets and or uneven, adherent margins |
| Vasodilator | Expand coronary arteries (nitroglycerin |
| Vena Cava | Largest vein in the body; either of two large veins that return oxygen-depleted blood to the right atrium of the heart. |
| Ventricle | A chamber of the heart that receives blood from an atrium and pumps it to the arteries. |
| ventricles | receive blood from atria and force into body |
| Vessel Harvesting, Open | Autogenous excision of vessel for use in cardiac procedure. Vessels commonly used include saphenous vein and internal mammary artery. |
| Vessel Loop | Used for retraction or temporary occlusion of a vessel. |
| visceral pericardium | layer also known as the epicardium |
