| A | B |
|---|
| During the early years of the Republic, which group had all of the political power? | white male landowners |
| What political party was founded by Alexander Hamilton? | Federalists |
| What were the main features of Alexander Hamilton's financial plan? | whiskey tax, protective tariffs, assumption of state debt, national bank |
| Why did the Democratic-Republicans oppose the creation of a national bank? | strict interpretation of the Constitution--thought it was unconstitutional |
| What law did the Federalists enact to limit immigration and restrict the right to criticize government officials? | Alien & Sedition Acts |
| Which political party believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution? | Democratic-Republicans |
| Which resolutions were written to oppose the Alien and Sedition Acts? | Virginia and Kentucky Resolves |
| What principle was supported in the Virginia and Kentucky resolves? | states' rights/nullification |
| What was established by the Judiciary Act of 1789? | federal court system |
| What principle did the Supreme Court establish in the case of Marbury v. Madison? | judicial review |
| What was the goal of U.S. foreign policy in the early years of the Republic? | avoid foreign alliances |
| What statement was issued by President George Washington to avoid involvement in the war between Britain and France? | Declaration of Neutrality |
| What did President George Washington warn the nation about in his Farewell Address? | maintain neutrality and avoid political parties |
| What treaty enabled western farmers to access the Mississippi River and use the ports in New Orleans? | Pinckney Treaty |
| What treaty was made under the Washington administration to address the issue of British forts on U.S. soil? | Jay Treaty |
| Which issue threatened American sovereignty during Washington's presidency? | British forts on American soil |
| Under the Adams administration, what incident resulted in an undeclared naval war against France? | XYZ Affair |
| Which territory did the United States purchase from France to gain full access to the Mississippi River? | Louisiana Purchase |
| Who did Thomas Jefferson appoint to explore the Louisiana Territory? | Lewis and Clark |
| Whose aid was essential to the success of the Lewis and Clark expedition? | Sacajawea |
| What act did President Thomas Jefferson sign to avoid war with Britain over the issue of impressment? | Embargo Act of 1807 |
| What were the causes of the War of 1812? | impressment, Indian attacks, territorial expansion |
| Why did Tecumseh and American Indian tribes ally with the British during the War of 1812? | to stop American settlement on Indian lands |
| What was the result of the political fight over the creation of the national bank? | creation of the two-party system |
| At the end of the War of 1812, what battle boosted American nationalism? | Battle of New Orleans |
| Which event proved that the national government would enforce the law under President Washington? | Whiskey Rebellion |
| Which event was an example of a conflict between states' rights and federal power during the War of 1812? | Hartford Convention |
| What word defines the national unity expressed during the Era of Good Feelings? | nationalism |
| Which innovation increased the dependence on slavery in the South? | cotton gin |
| What were the primary features of Henry Clay's "American System"? | protective tariffs, internal improvements, national bank |
| Who benefited from protective tariffs? | New England manufacturers |
| Who benefited from internal improvments? | Western farmers |
| Which internal improvement increased the commercial importance of New York City? | Erie Canal |
| What industry developed in New England during the Industrial Revolution? | textile |
| Which compromise was made in Congress to reduce sectionalism over the issue of slavery? | Missouri Compromise |
| Which word defines the division and rivalry between the North and South during the mid-1800s? | sectionalism |
| Which Supreme Court decision upheld the supremacy clause and the implied powers of Congress to create a national bank? | McCullough v. Maryland |
| Which Supreme Court decision upheld Congress power to regulate interstate commerce? | Gibbons v. Ogden |
| Which political change resulted in the common man's influence in American politics? | universal white male suffrage |
| Which act represents the federal government's policy towards American Indians under the Jackson administration? | Indian Removal Act (1830) |
| Which artistic movement expressed its nationalism by painting romantic scenes of American landscapes? | Hudson River School of Art |
| Which foreign policy opposed European colonization in the western hemisphere? | Monroe Doctrine |
| What issue caused the S. Carolina Nullification Crisis of 1832? | the Tariff of Abominations |
| What political issues were supported by Southern politicians like John C. Calhoun in the mid-1800s? | nullification/states' rights and slavery |
| Which principle was supported in John C. Calhoun's South Carolina Exposition and Protest? | nullification/states' rights |
| What reform was supported in the Declaration of Sentiments at the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848? | women's suffrage |
| Where did the Jackson administration put federal deposits to kill the national bank (B.U.S.)? | state (pet) banks |
| Which reform movement had the goal of ending slavery? | abolitionism |
| Which religious revival resulted in the reform movements of the mid-1800s? | Second Great Awakening |
| Which philosophy emphasized individualism and an appreciation and study of nature? | transcendentalism |
| Which trascendentalist author was known for the development of "civil disobedience"? | Henry David Thoreau |
| Which former slave became the publisher of the anti-slavery newspaper "The North Star"? | Frederick Douglass |
| Which abolitionist led the anti-slavery movement as the publisher of "The Liberator"? | William Lloyd Garrison |
| Which reform movement wanted the prohibition of alcohol? | the temperance movement |
| Which reform movement was led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott? | women's rights |
| Which reform movement(s) were Sarah and Angelina Grimke known for? | abolitionism and women's rights |
| What historical event is associated with the beginning of the women's rights movement? | Seneca Falls Convention |
| Who is associated with the fight to reform prisons and mental institutions during the mid-1800s? | Dorothea Dix |
| Westward expansion was encouraged by which belief? | Manifest Destiny |
| Which historical event is associated with the Texas war for independence from Mexico? | the Alamo |
| Which sectional issue prevented the annexation of Texas to the Union in 1836? | slavery |
| "54'40 or Fight" is associated with James K. Polk's campaign to acquire which territory? | Oregon |
| Which group moved westward during the mid-1800s to escape religious persecution? | the Mormons |
| Which conflict was a result of "Manifest Destiny"? | the Mexican War |
| Which territory did the U.S. acquire as a result of the Mexican War? | the Mexican Cession |
| Which territories were part of the Mexican Cession? | California, New Mexico and Utah territories |
| Which territory was purchased to acquire land for the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad route? | the Gadsden Purchase |
| Which territory did the United States acquire from Spain in the Adams-Onis treaty? | Florida |
| Which political party was created to oppose President Andrew Jackson? | Whig party |
| Which event resulted in the passage of more restrictive slave codes in southern states? | Nat Turner's Rebellion |
| Which historical event was a result of the Indian Removal Act? | Trail of Tears |
| What practice did Andrew Jackson begin to reward political supporters with government offices? | spoils system/patronage |
| What acts were passed to reduce sectionalism over the issue of slavery in the Mexican Cession? | Compromise of 1850 |
| What method was used to settle the slavery issue in the Kansas-Nebraska Act? | popular sovereignty |
| What was the network of abolitionists who helped slaves escape to freedom called? | Underground Railroad |
| Who is best known for their involvement with the Underground Railroad? | Harriet Tubman |
| Which novel increased sectionalism in America on the issue of slavery? | Uncle Tom's Cabin |
| What was the primary issue in the Republican party platform? | no slavery in new states/territories |
| Which court case supported the extension of slavery into new territories? | Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) |
| What issue were the Lincoln-Douglas debates about? | slavery in the territories |
| What position is associated with Stephen Douglas's "Freeport Doctrine"? | popular sovereignty |
| Which historical event is an example of John Brown's radical abolitionism? | Harper's Ferry |
| Which historical event led to the formation of the Confederacy? | 1860 presidential election of Abraham Lincoln |
| What does "secession" mean? | to separate from the Union |
| What were the southern states that seceded from the Union called? | The Confederate States of America (C.S.A.) or Confederacy |
| What was Abraham Lincoln's primary goal in the Civil War? | preserve the union |
| Who became the most important commander of Confederate forces during the Civil War? | Robert E. Lee |
| Which general is most responsible for winning the Civil War? | Ulysses S. Grant |
| Which proclamation was issued by Abraham Lincoln to make abolition of slavery a new war-time goal for the Union? | The Emancipation Proclamation |
| Which battle was key turning point in the Civil War, resulting in a defeat of Lee's army? | Gettysburg |
| Which battle gave the Union control over the Mississippi River? | Vicksburg |
| During the Civil War, what military campaign tried to destroy the South's resources and support for the war? | Sherman's March to the Sea |
| Which political party supported civil rights for African-Americans during Reconstruction (1865-1877)? | Republican party |
| After the Civil War, what was the re-unification of Southern states into the Union called? | Reconstruction |
| Which Reconstruction plan was the most lenient? | Lincoln's 10% Plan |
| What were the congressmen who wanted to reform Southern society and extend equal rights to African-Americans called? | Radical Republicans |
| What laws did Southern states enact to try and re-establish their control over former slaves? | black codes |
| Which federal agency was established to provide education and other social services to former slaves? | The Freedmen's Bureau |
| What officially freed the slaves? | The Thirteenth Amendment |
| What did the Republicans in Congress enact to grant equal rights and citizenship to the freedmen? | The Civil Rights Act of 1866 |
| Which legislation resulted in equality for blacks and the occupation of the South by federal troops? | Military Reconstruction Acts of 1867 |
| Which amendment guaranteed black male suffrage? | The Fifteenth Amendment |
| Why was President Andrew Johnson impeached? | violating the Tenure of Office Act |
| Which group was formed by ex-Confederates during Reconstruction to terrorize blacks and other Republicans? | Ku Klux Klan |
| Which labor system developed in Southern agriculture during Reconstruction? | share-cropping |
| What ended Reconstruction? | The Compromise of 1877 |
| Which Amendment was passed to provide lasting citizenship rights and "equal protection under the law" to African-Americans? | The Fourteenth Amendment |
| Which president was elected as a result of the Compromise of 1877? | Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep.) |
| Which political party became the most powerful in the South after Reconstruction ended? | Democratic |
| After Reconstruction ended, what measures were used in Southern states to discriminate against African-Americans? | Jim Crow laws, poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses |
| Where did the Civil War begin? | Fort Sumter (1861) |
| What was the first major battle of the Civil War? | First Bull Run (Manassas-1861) |
| What was the primary issue that resulted in secession? | slavery |
| What issue was the primary cause of the Civil War? | states' rights |
| What motivated migration into California? | gold rush (1849) |
| What motivated migration into Nevada? | silver mines--Comstock Lode |
| Which act was passed to promote farming on the Great Plains? | Homestead Act (1862) |
| What was established by the Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)? | colleges and universities |
| Which groups of people labored to build the transcontinental railroads? | immigrants (Irish & Chinese) |
| What internal improvement linked western farms and ranches to eastern cities? | transcontinental railroad |
| What was significant about the meeting of the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroad lines at Promontory Point, Utah (1869)? | completion of the transcontinental railroad |
| What invention enabled the cattle industry to ship beef to eastern consumers during the late-1800s? | refrigerated rail cars |
| What invention ended the era of open range and cattle drives? | barbed wire |
| What resource did the nomadic lifestyle of the Plains Indians depend on? | buffalo |
| Where did the government force tribes to live to remove Indians from lands desired by new settlers? | reservations |
| Which battle resulted in a victory by Sioux and Cheyenne warriors over General George Armstrong Custer? | Battle of the Little Bighorn |
| List examples of American Indian leaders who tried to resist being forced onto the reservations. | Sitting Bull (Sioux), Chief Joseph (Nez Perce) |
| Which battle was the last conflict between the government and American Indians? | Wounded Knee (1890) |
| What act divided Indian lands to begin a policy of assimilation? | Dawes Severalty Act |
| What federal Indian policy was begun under the Dawes Act? | assimilation/"Americanization" |
| What hardships did farmers face in the West? | falling crop prices and high railroad shipping rates |
| What organization did farmers form to protest high freight rates on the railroads? | the Grange |
| What political party was formed by farmers' alliances? | the Populist party |
| What political reforms were supported by the Populists? | secret ballot and direct election of U.S. Senators |
| List the economic reforms supported by the Populists. | government regulation of the railroads, bimetallism |
| What money policy was supported by the Populists? | bimetallism |
| What did Populists hope the result of an "easy" or "loose" money policy based on bimetallism would be? | inflation--rising crop prices |
| Which legislation was passed to regulate the railroads? | Interstate Commerce Act |
| What policy was supported by William Jennings Bryan's "Cross of Gold" speech in the 1896 presidential campaign? | bimetallism |
| Which political party supported the gold standard that was favored by business and urban interests? | Republican party |
| Who won the presidential election of 1896? | William McKinley (Rep.) |
| Which political party adopted the ideas of the Populists? | Democratic party |
| Alexander Graham Bell developed which invention to improve communication? | telephone |
| Which Thomas Edison invention changed American business and social life the most? | the electric light bulb |
| Where did most of the "old" immigrants--those who came before 1890--come from? | western Europe |
| Where did most "new" immigrants come from after 1890? | southern and eastern Europe |
| What was one of the effects of increased immigration to the United States in the late 1800s? | cheap labor, urbanization, ethnic neighborhoods |
| What housing structures were common in urban neighborhoods that immigrants lived in during the late-1800s? | tenements |
| Which act was a result of nativism? | Chinese Exclusion Act |
| Which industry was improved by the Bessemer process? | steel |
| What industry was controlled by Andrew Carnegie? | steel |
| Which trust enabled John D. Rockefeller to control the oil industry? | Standard Oil |
| What was J.P. Morgan associated with? | banking and finance |
| What government policy reduced business regulations? | laissez-faire capitalism |
| Which methods were used by business leaders to grow the size of their companies? | horizontal and vertical integration |
| What business structure was used by John D. Rockefeller to eliminate competition in the oil industry? | trust |
| Why did business leaders create "trusts" in the late 1800s? | to eliminate competition |
| Which theory was used to explain how "survival of the fittest" resulted in a growing gap between the wealthy and the poor during the late-1800s? | Social Darwinism |
| What was supported by Andrew Carnegie's "Gospel of Wealth"? | donating funds to libraries, schools, and hospitals |
| What did workers form to fight for better working conditions in the late 1800s? | labor unions |
| Which labor union wanted radical social change? | The Knights of Labor |
| Which event resulted in the destruction of the Knights of Labor? | Haymarket riot |
| Which labor union focused on obtaining higher wages and better working conditions? | American Federation of Labor (AFL) |
| Who founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL) | Samuel Gompers |
| What tactic did the American Federation of Labor (AFL) use to obtain higher wages and better working conditions? | strikes and collective bargaining |
| What method was used by labor unions to stop production when employers would not meet their demands? | strike |
| What tactic did business leaders use to stop strikes? | injunction |
| What did business leaders use to weaken the labor unions? | blacklists & yellow-dog contracts |
| Which labor union leader is associated with supporting socialism? | Eugene V. Debs |
| What were the organizations that controlled local and state political parties in the late-1800s called? | political machines |
| Which act was passed to prevent trusts from forming monopolies? | Sherman Antitrust Act |
| Which act was passed to regulate railroad freight rates? | Interstate Commerce Act |
| What was the most significant political scandal during the Gilded Age? | Credit Mobilier |
| Which individual became infamous for corruption as the boss of New York City's Tammany Hall political machine? | William M. "Boss" Tweed |
| Which act was passed to end the corruption caused by the spoils system? | Pendleton Civil Service Act |
| Political machines grew in power by attracting the support of which group? | immigrants |
| Which individual emphasized the need to create a strong, modern navy? | Alfred Mahan |
| What did the United States create to become a world power at the beginning of the 1900s? | strong navy (ex. Great White Fleet) |
| Which theory promoted the superiority of "Anglo-Saxon" culture to support imperialism? | Social Darwinism |
| Which social theory was used to support imperialism in the late 1800s? | Social Darwinism |
| What do you call the foreign policy that the United States used to acquire colonies during the late-1800s? | imperialism |
| What goals were reasons for American expansion as a world power in the late 1800s? | naval bases, new markets, Social Darwinism |
| Which territorial acquisition was referred to as "Seward's Folly"? | Alaska |
| What president supported the annexation of Hawaii? | William McKinley |
| What cause of the Spanish-American war were newspaper editors Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst associated with? | yellow journalism |
| Which event led to the Spanish-American War? | explosion of the U.S.S. Maine |
| Which territory did the U.S. acquire as a result of Commodore George Dewey's naval victory in the Spanish-American War? | Phillippines |
| Which individual became famous for leading the "Rough Riders" to victory in Cuba during the Spanish-American War? | Theodore Roosevelt |
| Which legislation resulted in Cuban independence after the Spanish-American War? | Teller amendment |
| Which legislation resulted in continued U.S. involvement in Cuba after the Spanish-American War? | Platt amendment |
| What was President Theodore Roosevelt's use of power in foreign affairs called? | "Big stick" diplomacy |
| What achievement was a result of Theodore Roosevelt's "Big stick" diplomacy? | the Panama canal |
| What was the goal of the "Open Door" policy? | open trade in China |
| Which event is an example of Chinese opposition to foreign influence? | Boxer Rebellion |
| What role did the U.S. take in Latin America as a result of the Roosevelt Corollary? | international police power |
| Which policy was used by President William Howard Taft to support U.S. business interests in Latin America and China? | dollar diplomacy |
| Which policy was used by President Woodrow Wilson to support democracy in Latin America? | missionary diplomacy |
| What event resulted in President Woodrow Wilson decision to send U.S. troops into Mexico? | Pancho Villa raids |
| What territories did the U.S. acquire as a result of the Spanish-American War? | Phillippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico |
| The Treaty of Paris (1898) resulted in the U.S. acquisition of which territories from Spain? | Phillippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico |
| Which event drew attention to the issue of unsafe working conditions in sweatshops during the early 1900s? | Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire |
| What were the journalists who supported progressive causes called? | muckrakers |
| Whose investigate report exposed the business practices of Standard Oil? | Ida Tarbell |
| Who wrote about the urban slums in "How the Other Half Lives"? | Jacob Riis |
| Who wrote about the corruption of the political machines in "The Shame of the Cities"? | Lincoln Steffens |
| Who wrote about the unsanitary conditions in Chicago's meatpacking plants in "The Jungle"? | Upton Sinclair |
| Which progressive movement emphasized providing charity to the poor? | Social Gospel |
| The establishment of Hull House is an example of the Social Gospel movement promoted by which individual? | Jane Addams |
| Which amendment established the federal income tax? | Sixteenth Amendment |
| Which amendment resulted in the direct election of U.S. Senators? | Seventeenth Amendment |
| Which amendment resulted in women's suffrage | Nineteenth Amendment |
| Which case is an example of Theodore Roosevelt's "trust-busting" to break up the railroad monopolies? | Northern Securities v. U.S. |
| What action did President Roosevelt take to resolve the Coal Strike of 1902? | arbitration--direct government action |
| What policy did President Roosevelt use to protect the environment? | conservation |
| What acts were part of Roosevelt' "Square Deal"? | Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act, Elkins Act |
| Which act strengthened the federal government's ability to regulate the railroads? | Mann-Elkins Act |
| What progressive reforms was Wisconsin's Robert M. LaFollette known for? | open primary elections and railroad regulation |
| What progressive reforms were used to reduce the power of political machines? | open primary elections, direct election of U.S. Senators, secret ballot |
| Which progressive election reforms gave citizens more power to participate in our democracy? | primary elections, initiatives, referendums, recalls, direct election of U.S. Senators |
| What party was formed to support President Roosevelt's campaign for president in 1912? | Progressive/Bull Moose party |
| Who won the presidential election of 1912? | Woodrow Wilson (Dem.) |
| What was the name of the labor union leader who ran as the Socialist party candidate for president in 1912? | Eugene V. Debs |
| What act was passed under Woodrow Wilson to reform the nation's banking and financial system? | Federal Reserve Act |
| What act was passed under President Woodrow Wilson to strengthen the government's ability to stop trusts from forming monopolies? | Clayton Antitrust Act |
| Which new forms of city government were developed during the progressive movement of the early 1900s? | council-manager and commission forms |
| Which leader supported vocational education to improve African-American society? | Booker T. Washington |
| Which African-American leader demanded immediate social and political equality? | W.E.B. Dubois |
| Which institution is an example of Booker T. Washington's commitment to vocational education for African-Americans? | Tuskegee Institute |
| Which Booker T. Washington speech emphasized a patient and gradual approach on civil rights? | Atlanta Compromise |
| Which organization was formed to fight for the civil rights of African-Americans? | NAACP |
| What methods were used in Southern states to disenfranchise African-Americans? | poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses |
| What laws were passed in Southern states to discriminate against African-Americans? | Jim Crow |
| Give an example of a tactic used to terrorize and control African-Americans in the late-1800s and early-1900s | lynching |
| This word means "to limit or take away one's right to vote" | disenfranchise |
| What practice was supported by the Supreme Court's ruling in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson? | segregation |
| List an economic reform supported by the Progressive movement | regulating big business, lower tariffs |
| Which progressive cause became the law under the Eighteenth Amendment was ratified? | prohibition of alcohol (temperance) |
| What did Henry Ford produce with the use of the assembly line? | Model-T automobile |
| Which technological change are the Wright brothers known for? | airplanes |
| What changes enabled businesses to sell more goods to consumers during the late-1800s and early-1900s? | mail order catalogs & advertising |
| Which fascist dictator rose to power in Italy during the 1920s? | Benito Mussolini |
| Which communist dictator rose to power in the Soviet Union during the 1920s? | Josef Stalin |
| Creating the "Third Reich" was a goal of which totalitarian dictator? | Adolf Hitler |
| What foreign policy were the Neutrality Acts during the 1930s an example of? | isolationism in the United States |
| What exemplified the genocide committed against Jews by Nazi Germany during World War II? | the "Final Solution" or Holocaust |
| Which policy did the British and French use in the Munich pact to avoid war with Nazi Germany? | appeasement |
| What was Nazi Germany's military conquest of western Europe called during World War II? | blitzkreig |
| What acts allowed the United States to aid Britain with military supplies? | Lend-Lease |
| During World War II, which nations formed the Axis powers? | Germany, Italy, Japan |
| Which event resulted in the beginning of World War II in Europe? | Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland |
| Who led the British against Nazi Germany during World War II? | Winston Churchill |
| Which political leader led efforts to expose communist influence in American government and society during the Red Scare? | Senator Joseph McCarthy |
| What event brought the U.S. into World War II? | Pearl Harbor |
| What was the U.S. military strategy in the Pacific against the Japanese during World War II? | island hopping |
| Who commanded American forces in the Pacific during World War II? | General Douglas MacArthur and Admiral Chester Nimitz |
| Who was the Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II? | General Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| Which battle was the turning point that stopped Japanese expansion in the Pacific during World War II? | Midway |
| Which battle was the turning point that resulted in Nazi Germany's defeat on the eastern front in the Soviet Union? | Stalingrad |
| Which battles were part of the island-hopping campaign to defeat Japan during World War II? | Iwo Jima, Okinawa |
| Which military campaign was the turning point that resulted in the Allies' invasion of France during World War II? | D-Day (Operation Overlord) |
| Which battle was the final offensive by Nazi Germany during World War II? | Battle of the Bulge |
| U.S. aid to Greece and Turkey during the Cold War was a result of which anti-communist policy? | Truman Doctrine |
| What scientific project resulted in the creation of the atomic bomb during World War II? | Manhattan Project |
| Who became the president of the United States after the death of Franklin Roosevelt in 1945? | Harry Truman |
| What did President Truman do during World War II to force Japan's unconditional surrender? | atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki |
| What event is an example of the war-crimes trials of Axis leaders after World War II? | Nuremberg trials |
| Which act provided low-cost home loans and free college tuition to World War II veterans? | the G.I. bill |
| Which war-time policy was challenged in the case of Korematsu v. United States (1944)? | Japanese internment camps |
| What war-time policy affected American's daily ability to acquire food and fuel on the Homefront during World War II? | rationing |
| What important contribution did women make to the war effort during World War II? | war production---working in weapons and war material factories ("Rosie the Riveter" |
| What term is used to describe the large generation of Americans born in the decade after World War II? | Baby boomers |
| The mass-production of affordable homes in the suburbs after World War II began with the construction of which development? | Levittown |
| What international organization was established after World War II to maintain world peace? | United Nations |
| Which war-time conference resulted in the Allied occupation of Germany and Berlin that led to the Cold War? | Yalta |
| What was the long period of confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union called after World War II? | the Cold War |
| Which plan was developed to provide aid for rebuilding Europe after World War II? | the Marshall plan |
| What strategy was used by the Truman administration to stop the spread of communism? | containment |
| What was the Truman administration's goal in the Korean War? | containment |
| What was President Eisenhower's strategy for containment of communism? | brinkmanship |
| Which incident damaged President Eisenhower's opportunity to improve U.S. relations with the Soviet Union? | U-2 incident |
| Which event damaged the Kennedy administration's attempt to contain communism during the Cold War? | Bay of Pigs |
| Which event nearly resulted in the Kennedy administration's use of force against the Soviet Union during the Cold War? | Cuban Missile Crisis |
| What symbolized Soviet communist control in Berlin during the Cold War? | Berlin Wall |
| Which conflict was an example of a UN police action to contain communism? | Korean War |
| What international alliance was created during the Cold War to defend western Europe against Soviet aggression? | N.A.T.O. (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) |
| What was the result of the investigations done by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) during the Red Scare? | Hollywood blacklists |
| What was the goal of President Truman's "Fair Deal"? | progressive reforms---national healthcare, federal support for education, civil rights |
| Which act was passed to limit strikes and weaken labor unions like the AFL-CIO? | Taft-Hartley Act |
| What event resulted in new legislation to improve science and math education for national defense during the Cold War? | Sputnik |
| What technology had the greatest impact on American social life during the 1950s? | television and automobiles |
| What action was led by Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. to protest segregated busing? | Montgomery bus boycott |
| What ended segregation in public schools? | Brown v. Board of Education (1954) |
| Which group's action resulted in the Eisenhower administration's use of troops to integrate the public schools? | the Little Rock Nine |
| What method did C.O.R.E. and the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (S.N.C.C.) use to protest segregation in restaurants and lunch-counters? | sit-ins |
| What was the goal of the "Freedom Riders"? | end segregation in interstate busing |
| The "March on Washington" was an event to support which cause? | civil rights for African-Americans |
| What was the civil rights campaign to increase black voter registration in Mississippi called? | Freedom Summer (1964) |
| Which legislation banned segregation in public accomodations and discrimination in the workplace? | Civil Rights Act of 1964 |
| Which legislation resulted in more federal protection for African-American suffrage? | Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
| Which African-American leader is an example of radicalism in the civil rights movement? | Malcolm X |
| Stokely Carmichael of SNCC is associated with promoting which radical civil rights movement? | Black Power |
| Which civil rights group promoted militant actions against racism and police brutality? | Black Panthers |
| Which book did Betty Friedan write to criticize the limits placed on women by society? | The Feminine Mystique |
| Which reform movement are Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem associated with? | Women's liberation/Feminism |
| Which organization played a leading role in the women's liberation movement? | National Organization for Women (NOW) |
| Which Supreme Court decision supported the constitutional right to have an abortion? | Roe v. Wade |
| Which constitutional amendment did the women's liberation movement support? | Equal Rights Amendment |
| Which federal law requires schools to provide equal access for women to educational and athletic opportunities? | Title IX |
| Who led the movement to improve the lives of Latino farm workers? | Cesar Chavez |
| What were some of the results of environmentalism in the 1960s and 1970s? | Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |
| What was the goal of Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society? | end poverty and racial discrimination |
| What programs were created under Lyndon B. Johnson's "Great Society" legislation to aid the poor? | Medicaid, VISTA, Medicare, Food stamps, Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Head Start |
| What were the results of the decisions made by the Supreme Court under Earl Warren? | expanded civil rights, rights of the accused, and ban on official prayer in schools |
| What was the goal of American military involvement in Vietnam? | containment |
| Which resolution enabled President Lyndon Johnson to increase America's involvement in Vietnam? | Gulf of Tonkin Resolution |
| Which nuclear arms reduction treaty was signed between Richard Nixon and the Soviet Union in 1972? | SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Agreement) |
| What was the turning point that resulted in a loss of public support for President Johnson's handling of the Vietnam War? | Tet Offensive |
| Which group organized protests against U.S. military involvement in Vietnam? | Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) |
| Which 1960s social movement is associated with the Haight-Ashbury section of San Francisco, sex, drugs, and rock music? | counter-culture or "hippies" |
| Which event is associated with the counter-culture? | Woodstock |
| Riots at which event demonstrated the division in American society created by the Vietnam War? | the Democratic National Convention of 1968 |
| Which presidential candidate was elected in 1968 by promising "peace with honor" in Vietnam and "law and order" at home? | Richard Nixon |
| What was President Richard Nixon's strategy in Vietnam? | Vietnamization |
| What military action did Richard Nixon take that resulted in massive anti-war protests in the United States? | invading Cambodia & Laos |
| Which incident did the anti-war movement use to focus on atrocities committed by U.S. soldiers in Vietnam? | My Lai Incident |
| Which war-time issue was involved in the case of NY Times v. U.S.? | freedom of the press (to publish the Pentagon Papers) |
| Which classified documents damaged American credibility in the Vietnam War after they were released to the public? | Pentagon Papers |
| In which event did anti-war protests against Nixon's invasion of Cambodia result in the killing of student protestors by Ohio national guardsman? | Kent State |
| Which constitutional amendment resulted in suffrage for 18-year olds? | 26th Amendment |
| Which agreement resulted in the withdrawal of U.S. military forces from Vietnam? | Paris Peace Accords |
| Which act was passed by Congress to limit President Nixon's ability to use the U.S. military in Vietnam? | War Powers Act (1973) |
| Which theory resulted in U.S. military involvement in Vietnam? | Domino theory |
| What was President Nixon's foreign policy to improve relations with the Soviet Union and China called? | Detente |
| What event symbolized the failure to prevent the spread of communism in Vietnam? | Fall of Saigon (1975) |
| Whose policy is associated with "New Federalism" involving the return of some powers to the states? | President Richard Nixon |
| Which practice was upheld by the Supreme Court's decision in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools (1971)? | forced busing/integration programs |
| Which practice was upheld by the Supreme Court in the case of Bakke v. University of California Board of Regents (1978)? | affirmative action |
| Which movement was a result of Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring"? | environmentalism |
| What economic problems did the United States face during the 1970s? | energy crisis, stagflation |
| What problem was President Ford addressing with his WIN program? | inflation/stagflation |
| What was a result of the energy crisis during the 1970s? | high energy prices, energy conservation |
| Which incident resulted in increased fears of using nuclear power in the United States? | Three Mile Island |
| Which cabinet-level department was created under President Carter to encourage conservation and the development of alternative energy sources? | Department of Energy |
| Which scandal resulted in the resignation of President Nixon? | Watergate |
| Which court decision ordered President Nixon to release the White House tapes to the Senate Watergate committee? | U.S. v. Nixon |
| Who became the president of the United States after Nixon resigned from office? | Gerald Ford |
| Which candidate won the presidential election of 1976 by promising to restore faith and honesty in government again? | Jimmy Carter |
| What peace treaty was negotiated between Israel and Egypt by President Jimmy Carter? | Camp David Accords |
| Which event resulted in a loss of public confidence in President Carter's foreign policy? | Iran Hostage crisis |
| What event caused World War I? | assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand |
| Which nations were among the Allies? | Britain, France, Russia, Italy |
| Which nations were the Central Powers? | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman empire |
| What was the U.S. foreign policy towards European affairs prior to World War I? | neutrality/isolationism |
| Which event threatened American neutrality during World War I? | sinking of the Lusitania |
| During the presidential campaign of 1916, what was Woodrow Wilson's position on U.S. involvement in World War I? | "keep us out of war"/neutrality |
| What were the reasons for U.S. entry into World War I? | unrestricted submarine warfare, Zimmerman telegram |
| What idealistic goal did Woodrow Wilson have in World War I? | peace without victory |
| Where was the Western Front in World War I? | France |
| What type of warfare was used on the Western front? | trench warfare |
| What were some of the new weapons used in World War I? | mustard gas, tanks, U-boats, airplanes, machine guns |
| What caused Russia to withdraw from World War I? | Bolshevik (communist) revolution |
| Who was the commander of the "Doughboys" in the American Expeditionary Force during World War I? | John J. Pershing |
| What did Congress enact to draft troops during World War I? | Selective Service Act |
| What was the purpose of the U.S. government's Committee on Public Information during World War I? | to produce propaganda |
| How did the U.S. government finance the war effort during World War I? | issuing liberty bonds |
| What was the purpose of the War Industries Board during World War I? | regulate business/encourage mass production |
| What did Congress enact to limit free speech and prevent anti-war activism during World War I? | Espionage and Sedition Acts |
| Who was prosecuted by the government for their anti-war activism during World War I? | Eugene V. Debs; Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) |
| Which Supreme Court decision upheld the government's ability to limit civil liberties during war-time? | Schenck v. United States (1919) |
| What did the Food administration encourage during World War I? | rationing |
| What progressive reform was a result of women's efforts during World War I? | 19th Amendment/suffrage |
| What were Wilson's plans for peace after World War I called? | Fourteen points |
| Which international organization was advocated in Wilson's Fourteen points? | League of Nations |
| Which nations were the "Big Four" that created the Treaty of Versailles? | Britain, France, United States, Italy |
| What was a result of the Treaty of Versailles? | punishment of Germany; League of Nations |
| What part of the Treaty of Versailles resulted in Senator Henry Cabot Lodges efforts to oppose the Treaty? | League of Nations |
| Which event was an example of U.S. involvement in world affairs after World War I? | Washington Naval Conference, Dawes Plan |
| List an example of a government action to combat communist influence during the "Red Scare" of 1919-1920 | Palmer raids (A. Mitchell Palmer) |
| Which president promised a "Return to Normalcy" in 1920? | Warren G. Harding |
| During the 1920s, which scandal exposed the bribery of Warren G. Harding's cabinet by business interests? | Teapot Dome |
| Which economic policy benefitted big business during the 1920s? | laissez faire capitalism |
| What was a result of "buying on margin" and overspeculation in the stock market during the 1920s? | Stock Market Crash of 1929 or "Black Tuesday" |
| What was President Herbert Hoover's preferred approach to dealing with the economic depression of the early 1930s? | voluntary cooperation |
| Which president supported direct relief from government to address the problems of the economic crisis of the 1930s? | Franklin Roosevelt |
| What were the basic characteristics of the business cycle during the 1920s? | economic expansion, overproduction, and speculation |
| Which financial practices encouraged consumers to borrow money for household purchases during the 1920s? | easy credit and the installment plan |
| What were the shantytowns built by the homeless during the early stages of the Great Depression called? | Hoovervilles |
| During the Depression of the 1930s, how did charities provide relief to Americans suffering from hunger? | Soup kitchens and Bread lines |
| President Hoover's re-election campaign was damaged by his use of troops against which group? | the Bonus Army |
| Speakeasies and bootlegging were developed illegally because of which policy during the 1920s? | prohibition |
| Which music was popularized during the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s by Louis Armstrong and other black entertainers? | Jazz |
| Which new technology was developed during the 1920s? | radio and "talkies" (movies with sound) |
| What did President Franklin Roosevelt use to deliver his "fireside chats" to the American people? | radio |
| Which group represented social change for women during the 1920s? | flappers |
| Which group exemplified the prejudice against immigrants and African-Americans during the 1920s? | Ku Klux Klan |
| Which cultural movement was associated with African-American culture and black pride during the 1920s? | The Harlem Renaissance |
| The "Back to Africa" movement and the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) are associated with which African-American leader? | Marcus Garvey |
| Which event is an example of nativism during the 1920s? | the Sacco and Vanzetti trial |
| Which event exemplified the conflict between religion and modern science during the 1920s? | the John T. Scopes trial |
| Which policy was supported the strongest by Christian fundamentalists such as Billy Sunday? | prohibition |
| What was President Franklin Roosevelt's proposals to deal with the Great Depression called? | New Deal |
| What did President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal provide to people suffering from the Great Depression? | direct government relief |
| Which New Deal programs provided jobs to the unemployed? | Works Progress Administration (WPA) and Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) |
| Which New Deal program increased farmers' incomes? | Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) |
| Which New Deal program regulated business? | National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) |
| Which New Deal program built dams for hydroelectric power in the South? | Tennesse Valley Authority (TVA) |
| Which New Deal Program insured banking deposits to restore public confidence in the banks? | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) |
| Which sector of the economy did not prosper during the 1920s? | agriculture/farmers |
| Which group benefited from the National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)? | labor unions |
| Which government agency was created under the New Deal to regulate trade in the stock market? | Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) |
| What did President Franklin Roosevelt do during his "First Hundred Days" to prevent bank failures? | Bank holiday and emergency banking relief |
| What New Deal program provides direct benefits to the elderly and disabled? | Social Security |
| What was established under the Fair Labor Standards Act? | minimum wage and forty-hour work week |
| Why did President Franklin Roosevelt propose legislation to "pack the court" by enlarging the number of justices on the Supreme Court? | to prevent the Court from striking down New Deal legislation (ex. NIRA & AAA) |
| Who represented the most radical political opposition to President Franklin D. Roosevelt? | Huey Long and Father Charles Coughlin |
| What is the long-term impact of the New Deal? | increased government involvement and regulation |
| Which period of Roosevelt's presidency involved a series of emergency measures and government programs to provide direct relief against the Great Depression? | the "First Hundred Days" |
| Which acts helped cause the Great Depression? | higher tariffs (ex. Hawley-Smoot tariff) |
