| A | B |
|---|
| Abraham | Founder of Judaism; seen as prophet by all 3 monotheistic religions. |
| Aeschylus | Greek playwright, wrote tragedies |
| Alexander the Great | had empire from Greece to India; Macedonian, spread Hellenistic (Greek) culture, defeated Persia |
| Allah | The Islamic name for God. |
| Archimedes | most famous Hellenistic scientist, and he provided the foundation for modern physics |
| Aristotle | Greek philosopher tutored Alexander the Great, created the Lyceum, and focused on a logical study of everything |
| Artemis | GREEK goddess of hunt, light |
| Asoka | Indian ruler who adopted Buddhism and sent missionaries to Asia |
| Augustus Caesar | First emperor of the Roman Empire; nephew of Julius, his rule started Pax Romana |
| Charles Martel | Halted Muslim advance into Europe Charles Martel at Battle of Tours |
| Charlemagne | Frankish ruler who united the Franks into one empire; crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor in 800 AD; also known as the Father of Europe. |
| Charlemagne | Frankish king, "Father of Europe", made Holy Roman Emperor by pope, revived Greek and Roman culture, education in Europe |
| Confucianism | a Chinese belief system that focused on respect, proper relationships, and filial piety (respect for elders) |
| Constantine | Emperor who headed new eastern roman empire, renamed Byzantine Empire, built Constantinople, founded Eastern Orthodox church |
| Constantinople | the city on the Bosporus Strait that became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire (today it is known as Istanbul) |
| Czar | Russian rulers (kings), Ivan the Great was one of the first |
| Draco | Greek TYRANT, harsh law code |
| Erasmus | Northern Renaissance writer; The Praise of Folly |
| Euclid | Greek mathematician |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | Unified Spain, kicked out (expelled) Muslim Moors. |
| Hannibal | General from Carthage who crossed the Alps (with elephants) to invade Rome during Punic Wars |
| Henry II | English, king, established Common Law |
| Herodotus | Greek historian |
| Hippocrates | Greek medicine, Hippocratic Oath "Do no harm" |
| Homer | Greek poet, wrote the epic poem, The Odyssey |
| Hugh Capet | Unified France during Middle Ages, made Paris capital |
| Humanism | A philosophy of the Renaissance that focused on the individual. |
| Hundred Years? War | A conflict that occurred from 1337-1453 between France and England over land and the wool trade; France wins |
| Ivan the Great | Founder of Russia, freed Russia from Mongols, 1st Czar (Tsar) |
| Jerusalem | Holy city to Jews (first temple built there), Christians (Christ killed there), Muslims (Dome of the Rock) |
| Jesus of Nazareth | founder of Christianity (with Peter/Paul), seen as Son of God (and God) by Christians, crucified by Romans |
| Joan of Arc | French girl who led French knights to victory in 100 Years War, burned at the stake by English |
| Julius Caesar | Roman general, tried to seize power, assassinated |
| Justinian | Byzantine emperor, created law code called Justinian's Code, built Hagia Sofia |
| King John | English king, forced to sign Magna Carta (1215), limiting by law the power of the king |
| Leonardo da Vinci | Renaissance painter, genius; painted Mona Lisa and The Last Supper |
| Machiavelli | Wrote The Prince which established guidelines for rulers. |
| King John | Was forced to sign this Great Charter which limited the power of the king and recognized the basic rights of the nobility. |
| Marc Anthony | Roman, assassinated Julius Caesar, lover of Cleopatra, killed by Octavian (Augustus Caesar) |
| Michelangelo | Italian Renaissance sculptor/artist ? sculpture David and the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel |
| Middle Ages | The period of time in Europe from the fall of Western Rome in 476 AD until the Renaissance (1300s) when feudalism served as the basic system of order. |
| Moses | Jewish prophet and leader, Ten Commandments, led Hebrews out of Egypt during Exodus |
| Mosque | A Muslim place of worship |
| Muhammad the Prophet | Founder of Islam, known as the "The Prophet", born in Mecca, fled to Medina |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | Wrote The Prince which established guidelines for rulers. |
| William the Conqueror | Led the Normans (invaders from northern France) into England; conquered Angles and Saxons at Battle of Hastings in 1066 |
| Octavian (Augustus Caesar) | 1st Emperor of Rome; established the Roman Empire by a civil service, enhancing laws, creating a common currency, and providing for safe travel and trade |
| Paul the Apostle | Spread Christianity around the Mediterranean, executed by Nero |
| Pericles | extended democracy to include most adult males, rebuilding the Parthenon after the Persian Wars, and supporting Greek Golden Age of Greek culture? |
| Petrarch | Renaissance poet, wrote type of poetry called sonnets |
| pharaoh | an Egyptian ruler |
| Phidias | Greek sculptor |
| Philip II | Father of Alexander the Great, King of Macedonia, took over Greece |
| Plato | Greek philosopher, established a school called the Academy, wrote the Republic about an ideal society, and taught Aristotle |
| Pope Urban | Roman Catholic Pope, statted Crusades |
| Ptolemy | Roman scientist, astronomer, believed earth was a center of universe (Ptolemaic system) |
| Pythagoras | Greek mathematician; pythagorean theorem (hypotenuse right trianglE) |
| Qin Shi Haungdi | First emperor of China, built Great Wall, unified China, harsh punishments |
| Siddhartha Gautama/Buddha | the founder of Buddhism |
| Sir Thomas More | Northern Renaissance writer; wrote Utopia about an ideal government, executed by Henry VIII |
| Socrates | Greek philosopher, used a questioning dialogue to seek knowledge, and examine all aspects of life, and was sentenced to death for his actions and beliefs |
| Solon | Greek TYRANT, ended debt slavery |
| Sophocles | Greek playwright, wrote tragedy Oedipus |
| St. Cyril | Created Cyrillic Alphabet (Russian), brought Orthodox Christianity to Russia. |
| Lao Tse | Founded Chinese belief system that focused on harmony with nature, balancing yin and yang, inner peace, and simple life that followed The Way |
| Theodora | Wife of Justinian and Empress of the Byzantine Empire |
| Thucydides | Greek historian |
| Virgil | Roman poet, wrote epic (long) poem The Aeneid |
