| A | B |
|---|
| acetyl CoA | entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration |
| aerobic | referring to an organism |
| alcohol fermentation | conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol |
| anaerobic | referring to an organism |
| ATP synthase | membrane proteins coupled to chemiosmosis uses proton gradient to make ATP |
| beta oxidation | breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA |
| cellular respiration | pathway for the production of ATP where oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel |
| chemiosmosis | uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work |
| citric acid cycle | within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration |
| cytochrome | iron-containing protein a component of electron transport chains |
| electron transport chain | sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons of redox reactions to release energy used to make ATP |
| facultative anaerobe | organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions |
| fermentation | makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain |
| glycolysis | splitting of glucose into pyruvate |
| lactic acid fermentation | conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide |
| NAD+ | coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions |
| oxidation | loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction |
| oxidative phosphorylation | production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain |
| oxidizing agent | electron acceptor in a redox reaction |
| proton-motive force | potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient |
| redox reaction | chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another |
| reducing agent | electron donor in a redox reaction |
| reduction | addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction |
| substrate-level phosphorylation | formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism |
