| A | B |
|---|
| adenylyl cyclase | enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to a chemical signal |
| cyclic AMP (cAMP) | cyclic adenosine monophosphate |
| diacylglycerol (DAG) | second messenger produced by the cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane |
| G protein | GTP-binding protein elays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell |
| G-protein-linked receptor | signal receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding signal molecule by activating a G protein |
| hormone | signals that are formed in specialized cells |
| inositol trisphosphate (IP3) | second messenger that functions as an intermediate between certain nonsteroid hormones and a third messenger |
| ligand | molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule |
| ligand-gated ion channel | protein pore in the plasma membrane that opens or closes in response to a chemical signal |
| local regulator | chemical messenger that influences cells in the vicinity |
| protein kinase | enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein |
| protein phosphatase | enzyme that removes phosphate groups from proteins |
| reception | target cell’s detection of a signal molecule from outside the cell |
| receptor tyrosine kinase | receptor protein of plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signal molecule by catalyzing transfer of phosphate from ATP to tyrosines on the cytoplasmic side of the receptor |
| response | change in a specific cellular activity brought about by a transduced signal from outside the cell |
| scaffolding protein | large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached to increase the efficiency of signal transduction |
| second messenger | small |
| signal transduction pathway | mechanism linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response |
| transduction | conversion of a signal from outside the cell to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response |
| tyrosine kinase | enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to the amino acid tyrosine on a substrate protein |
