| A | B |
|---|
| anaphase | chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell |
| anchorage dependence | requirement that to divide |
| aster | short microtubules that extends from each centrosome toward the plasma membrane |
| benign tumor | mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin |
| binary fission | cell division by which prokaryotes reproduce |
| cell cycle | composed of the M |
| cell cycle control system | in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle |
| cell division | reproduction of cells |
| cell plate | double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell where new cell wall forms during cytokinesis |
| centromere | centralized region joining two sister chromatids |
| centrosome | microtubule-organizing center |
| checkpoint | control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle |
| chromatin | complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome |
| chromosome | threadlike |
| cleavage | in animal cells |
| cleavage furrow | first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate |
| cyclin | regulatory protein whose concentration fluctuates cyclically |
| cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) | protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis |
| density-dependent inhibition | cells stop dividing when they come into contact with one another |
| G0 phase | nondividing state in which a cell has left the cell cycle |
| G1 phase | portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins |
| G2 phase | portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs |
| gamete | haploid cell |
| genome | complete complement of an organism’s genes |
| growth factor | local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation |
| interphase | p eriod of normal growth and development in non dividing part of cell cycle |
| kinetochore | region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle |
| M phase | phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis |
| malignant tumor | invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs |
| meiosis | in cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell |
| metaphase | spindle is complete and the chromosomes |
| metaphase plate | imaginary plane of cell midway between the two poles |
| metastasis | spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site |
| mitosis | process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells |
| mitotic (M) phase | phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis |
| mitotic spindle | assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis |
| MPF | complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis |
| origin of replication | Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins |
| prometaphase | discrete chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids appear |
| prophase | chromatin is condensing and the mitotic spindle begins to form |
| S phase | portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated |
| sister chromatids | Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere |
| somatic cell | Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell |
| telophase | daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun |
| transformation | conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell |
