| A | B |
|---|
| bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) | artificial version of a bacterial chromosome |
| biotechnology | manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products |
| cDNA library | library using complementary DNA |
| clone | lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells |
| cloning vector | agent used to transfer DNA in genetic engineering |
| complementary DNA (cDNA) | DNA molecule made using mRNA as a template with enzyme reverse transcriptase |
| denaturation | protein unravels and loses its native conformation becoming biologically inactive |
| DNA fingerprint | unique collection of DNA restriction fragments |
| DNA ligase | the covalent bonding of the 3’ end of a new DNA fragment to the 5’ end of a growing chain |
| DNA microarray assay | method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time |
| electroporation | introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing cells |
| expression vector | vector that contains the promoter just upstream of a site where a gene can be inserted |
| gel electrophoresis | separation of nucleic acids or proteins |
| gene cloning | production of multiple copies of a gene |
| gene therapy | alteration of the genes of a person afflicted with a genetic disease |
| genetic engineering | direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes |
| genetically modified (GM) organism | organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means |
| genomic library | set of thousands of DNA segments from a genome |
| genomics | study of whole sets of genes and their interactions |
| Human Genome Project | collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome |
| in vitro mutagenesis | finding gene’s function by purposely mutating it and placing it in a cell |
| linkage map | genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers |
| nucleic acid hybridization | base pairing between a gene and a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule |
| nucleic acid probe | -stranded nucleic acid molecule used to tag a specific nucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid sample |
| physical map | genetic map in which the actual physical distances between genes or other genetic markers are expressed |
| polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers |
| proteomics | study of the full protein sets (proteomes) encoded by genomes |
| recombinant DNA | DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources |
| restriction enzyme | degradative enzyme that recognizes and cuts up DNA |
| restriction fragment | DNA segment resulting from cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme |
| restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) | useful as genetic markers for making linkage maps |
| RNA interference (RNAi) | specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized as a cut siteby a restriction enzyme |
| single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) | One base-pair variation in the genome sequence |
| Southern blotting | hybridization technique that enables researchers to determine the presence of certain nucleotide sequences in a sample of DNA |
| sticky end | single-stranded end of a double-stranded DNA restriction fragment |
| Ti plasmid | plasmid of a tumor-inducing bacterium that integrates a segment of its DNA into the host |
| yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) | combines the essentials of a eukaryotic chromosome--an origin for DNA replication |
