| A | B |
|---|
| abdominal cavity | body cavity that primarily houses parts of the digestive |
| acclimatization | adjustment to a change in an environmental factor |
| adipose tissue | insulates the body and serves as a fuel reserve |
| anatomy | study of the structure of an organism |
| basal metabolic rate (BMR) | minimal number of kilocalories a resting animal requires to fuel itself for a given time |
| basement membrane | floor of an epithelial membrane |
| blood | tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which blood cells are suspended |
| bone | tissue of living cells held in a rigid matrix of collagen fibers embedded in calcium salts |
| brown fat | specialized for rapid heat production |
| cardiac muscle | forms the contractile wall of the heart cells joined intercalated disk that synchronize contractions |
| cartilage | flexible tissue with an abundance of collagenous fibers embedded in chondroitin |
| chondrocyte | cartilage cell |
| collagenous fiber | tough fiber of the extracellular matrix |
| columnar | epithelial cell that is taller than it is wide |
| conduction | transfer of thermal motion (heat) between molecules of objects in direct contact |
| conformer | allows some conditions within its body to vary with certain external changes |
| connective tissue | functions mainly to bind and support other tissues |
| convection | movement of warmed air or liquid to or from the surface of a body or object |
| countercurrent heat exchanger | blood vessels that helps trap heat in the body core and is important in reducing heat loss in many endotherms |
| cuboidal | epithelial cell that is as wide as it is tall |
| daily torpor | decrease in metabolic activity and corresponding body temperature during times of inactivity |
| ectotherm | must use environmental energy and behavioral adaptations to regulate its body temperature |
| ectothermic | organisms that do not produce enough metabolic heat to have much effect on body temperature |
| elastic fiber | thread made of the protein elastin |
| endotherm | metabolic energy to maintain a constant body temperature |
| endothermic | organisms with bodies that are warmed by heat generated by metabolism |
| epithelial tissue | tightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities |
| estivation | slow metabolism and inactivity and that permits survival during long periods of elevated temperature |
| evaporation | removal of heat energy from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules |
| fibroblast | cell in loose connective tissue that secretes the protein ingredients of the extracellular fibers |
| fibrous connective tissue | dense tissue with large numbers of collagenous fibers organized into parallel bundles |
| glandular epithelium | epithelium that secretes chemical solutions |
| heat-shock protein | helps protect other proteins during heat stress |
| hibernation | allows survival during long periods of cold temperatures and reduced food supplies by metabolic and systemic slow down |
| homeostasis | steady-state physiological condition of the body |
| integumentary system | outer covering of a mammal’s body |
| interstitial fluid | the fluid filling the spaces between cells. |
| ligament | fibrous connective tissue that joins bones together at joints |
| loose connective tissue | binds epithelia to underlying tissues and functions as packing material |
| macrophage | functions in innate immunity by destroying microbes and in acquired immunity as an antigen-presenting cell |
| mesentery | membrane that suspends many of the organs of vertebrates inside fluid-filled body cavities |
| mucous membrane | moist epithelium that lines the digestive tract and air tubes leading to the lungs |
| muscle tissue | cells that are capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses |
| negative feedback | physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation |
| nervous tissue | tissue made up of neurons and supportive cells |
| neuron | conduct signals by taking advantage of the electrical charge across its cell membrane |
| nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) | action of certain hormones that cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity and produce heat |
| organ | center of body function composed of several different types of ti |
| organ system | organs that work together in performing vital body functions |
| osteoblast | bone-forming cell that deposits collagen |
| osteon | repeating organizational unit forming the microscopic structure of hard mammalian bone |
| physiology | study of the functions of an organism |
| positive feedback | a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change |
| radiation | emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero |
| regulator | uses mechanisms of homeostasis to moderate internal change in the face of external fluctuation |
| reticular fiber | very thin and branched fiber made of collagen |
| simple epithelium | consisting of a single layer of cells that all touch the basal lamina |
| skeletal muscle (striated muscle) | responsible for the voluntary movements of the body |
| smooth muscle | lacking the striations of skeletal and cardiac muscle because of the uniform distribution of myosin filaments in the cell |
| squamous | flat tile-like shape of a type of epithelial cell |
| standard metabolic rate (SMR) | rate of a resting fasting and nonstressed ectotherm |
| stratified epithelium | consisting of more than one layer of cells in which some but not all cells touch the basal lamina |
| stress-induced proteins | produced within cells in response to exposure to marked increases in temperature and to other forms of severe stress |
| striated muscle | skeletal muscle characterized by bands of light and dark |
| tendon | attaches muscle to bone |
| thermoregulation | maintenance of internal temperature within a tolerable range |
| thoracic cavity | houses the lungs and heart |
| tissue | group of cells with a common function |
| torpor | physiological state that conserves energy by slowing down the heart and respiratory systems |
| vasoconstriction | decrease in the diameter of superficial blood vessels triggered by nerve signals that contract the muscles of the vessel walls |
| vasodilation | increase in the diameter of superficial blood vessels triggered by nerve signals that relax the muscles of the vessel walls |
