| A | B |
|---|
| adenohypophysis | consists of endocrine cells that synthesize and secrete several tropic and nontropic hormones |
| adrenal gland | endocrine glands located adjacent to the kidneys in mammals |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | stimulates the production and secretion of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex. |
| androgen | stimulates the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics |
| anterior pituitary | portion of the pituitary that develops from nonneural tissue |
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | promotes water rentention by the kidneys |
| brain hormone | promotes development by stimulating the prothoracic glands to secrete ecdysone in insects |
| calcitonin | hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels by promoting calcium deposition in bone and calcium excretion from the kidneys |
| catecholamine | hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine that are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine |
| corticosteroid | Any steroid hormone produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex |
| cytokine | the function of lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system |
| diabetes mellitus | disorder marked by inability to maintain glucose homeostasis |
| ecdysone | triggers molting in arthropods |
| endocrine gland | ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream |
| endocrine system | functions in concert with the nervous system to effect internal regulation and maintain homeostasis |
| endorphin | hormones produced in the brain and anterior pituitary that inhibits pain perception |
| epinephrine | secreted from the adrenal medulla that mediates fight-or-flightresponses to short-term stress |
| estrogen | stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics |
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the production of eggs by the ovaries and sperm by the testes |
| glucagon | secreted by pancreatic alpha cells that raises blood glucose levels |
| glucocorticoid | hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that influences glucose metabolism and immune function |
| gonadotropin | stimulates the activities of the testes and ovaries |
| growth factor | regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation |
| growth hormone (GH) | hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary that has both direct (nontropic) effects and tropic effects on a wide variety of tissues |
| hormone | circulating chemical signals that are formed in specialized cells and act on specific target cells to change their functioning |
| hypothalamus | functions in maintaining homeostasis |
| insulin | hormone secreted by pancreatic beta cells that lowers blood glucose levels |
| insulin-like growth factor | hormone produced by the liver whose secretion is stimulated by growth hormone |
| islets of Langerhans | endocrine cells within the pancreas that produce and secrete the hormones glucagon (alpha cells) and insulin (beta cells |
| juvenile hormone | hormone in arthropods the retention of larval characteristics |
| luteinizing hormone (LH) | secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates ovulation in females and androgen production in males |
| melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) | hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary that regulates the activity of pigment-containing cells in the skin of some vertebrates |
| melatonin | secreted by the pineal gland that regulates body functions related to seasonal day length |
| mineralocorticoid | hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates salt and water homeostasis |
| negative feedback | change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation |
| neurohypophysis | extension of the hypothalamus composed of nervous tissue that secretes oxytocin and antidiscretic hormone made in the hypothalamus |
| neurosecretory cell | nerve cell that releases a hormone into the bloodstream in response to signals from other nerve cells |
| nitric oxide (NO) | gas produced by many types of cells that functions as a local regulator |
| norepinephrine | hormone that is chemically and functionally similar to epinephrine |
| oxytocin | induces contractions of the uterine muscles and causes the mammary glands to eject milk during nursing |
| pancreas | endocrine portion secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood. |
| parathyroid gland | secrete parathyroid hormone |
| parathyroid hormone (PTH) | raises blood calcium level by promoting calcium release from bone and calcium retention by the kidneys |
| pineal gland | gland on the dorsal surface of the vertebrate forebrain that secretes the hormone melatonin |
| pituitary gland | produces and secretes many hormones that regulate diverse body functions |
| posterior pituitary | secretes oxytocin and antidiscretic hormone made in the hypothalamus |
| progestin | prepare the uterus for pregnancy. |
| prolactin (PRL) | stimulates growth of and milk production by the mammary gland |
| prostaglandin (PG) | modified fatty acids secreted by virtually all tissues and performing a wide variety of functions as local regulators |
| signal transduction pathway | mechanism linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response |
| testosterone | most abundant androgen hormone in the male body |
| thyroid gland | secretes two iodine-containing hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) and cacitonin |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary that regulates the release of thyroid hormones |
| thyroxine (T4) | help regulate metabolism development and maturation in vertebrates |
| triiodothyrodine (T3) | second iodine containing hormone that helps regulate metabolism development and maturation in vertebrates |
| tropic hormone | hormone that has another endocrine gland as a target |
| vitamin D | active form functions as a hormone acting in concert with parathyroid hormone in bone and promoting the uptake of calcium |
