| A | B |
|---|
| Weathering | The chemical and physical processes that break down rock at Earth's surface |
| Erosion | the process by which water, ice, wind, or gravity moves weathered rock and soil |
| mechanical weathering | the type of weathering in which rock is physically broken into smaller pieces |
| ice wedging | process that splits rock when water seeps into cracks, than frezes and expands |
| abrasion | the grinding away of rock by other rock particles carried in water, ice, or wind |
| chemical weathering | the process that breaks down rock through chemical changes |
| permeable | characteristic of a material that is full of tiny, connected air spaces that water can seep through |
| Agents of Mechanical weathering | Actions of animals, reezing and thawing, heating and cooling, growth of plants, and abrasion |
| Agents of Chemical weathering | water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, living organisms, and acid rain |
| Factors affecting rate of weathering | type of climate and rock |
| chemail weathing occurs faster in ____ | warm and wet climates |
| Weathering breaks down rocks and mixes with other materials on the surface forming_______ | soil. |
| What is soil made up of? | rock particles, minerals, decayed organic material,, air, and water. |
| Forest soil | cool, and wet climate |
| Prairie soil | cool and dry climate |
| Earthworms | mix most of the humus with other materials in the soil |
| soil | the loose weathered material on Earth's surface in which plants can grow |
| bedrock | the solid layer of rock beneath the soil |
| humus | dark-colored organic material in soil |
| loam | rich, fertile soil that is made up of about equal parts of clay, sand, and silt |
| Soil horizon | a layer of soil that differs in color and texture from the layers above or below it |
| topsoil | mixture of humus, clay, and other minerals that forms the crumbly, topmost layer of the soil |
| Subsoil | the layer of soil beneath the topsoil that contains mostly clay and other minerals washed down from the A horizon |
| litter | the loose layer of dead plant leaves and stems on the surface of the soil |
| decomposers | soil organism that breaks down the remains of organisms and digest them |
| sod | a thick mass of grass roots and soil |
| dust bowl | the area of the great plains where wind erosion caused soil loss during the 1930's |
| soil conservation | the management of soild to prevent its destruction |
| contour plowing | plowing fields along the curves of slope to prevent soil loss |
| conservation plowing | soil conservation method in which the dead stalks from the previous yrea's crop are left in the ground to hold the soil in place |
| The most important force of mechanical weathering is____ | freezing and thawing |
| Most chemical weathering is caused by________ | water |
| The B horizon consists of____ | subsoil |
| onc of the best types of soil for farming is ___ | prairie soil(rich in humus) |
| Decayed organic material in soil is called___ | humus |
| Fungi produces chemicals that _____ | digest plant remains |
| Scientists classify types of soil based partly on a region's____ | climate |
| Mass movement | the force is gravity |
| land slide | the most destructive rock and soil-slides quickly down steepslope. Occurs near highways(construction) |
| slump | movement in one large mass, fast movement, looks like the bottom has been pulled out |
| mudflow | rapid movement, mixture- rock, soil, and water. 60% of material can be made up of H2O. Occurs after haevy rain |
| creep | gentle slopes, freezing and thawing are the major cause. Trees grow at weird angles |
| alluvial fan | a wide, sloping deposit of sediment formed where a stream leaves a mountain range |
| stalacite | a calcite deposit that hangs from the roof of a cave(ceiling) |
| Stalagmite | a cone-shaped calacite deposit that build up from the floor of a cave (floor) |
| Potential energy | energy that is stored and available to be used later |
| kinetic energy | the energy an object has due to its motion |
| kettle | a small depression that forms when a chunk of ice is left in glacial till |
| plucking | the process by which a glacier picks up rocks as it flows over the lan |
| till | the sediments deposited directly by a glacier |
| Moraine | a ridge formed by the till deposited at the edge of a glacier |
| spit | a beach formed by longshore drift that projects like a finger out into the water |
| deflation | wind erosion that removes surface materials |
| loess | a wind-formed deposit made of fine particles of clay and silt |
| soil particles | voulder, rocks, gravel, sand, silt,clay |
| The eroded materials carried by water or wind are called___ | Sediment |
| The downhill movement of eroded materials is known as_________ | Mass movement |
| A mass of rock and soil deposited directly by a glacier is called__ | till |
| When waves strike a s shoreline, they concentrate their enregy on | headlanes |
| The erosion of sediments by wind is | deflation |
| An area of_____---- may be found where groundwater erodes limestone to form valleys, sinkholes, and caverns | karst topography |
| The process be which sediment in water settles in new locations is | deposition |
| Becuase it is moving, flowing water has a type of energy called_____ | kinetic energy |
| A looplike bend in the couorse of a river is a _________ | meander |
| The sediment deposited at the edge of a glacier forms a ridge called a ___ | Moraine(reminal moraine) |
| long shore drift | the movement of sand along a beach:caused be waves coming into shore at an angle |
| sand dune | a deposit of wind-blown sand |
| beach | wave-washed sediment along a coast |
