| A | B |
|---|
| polis | city-state; the geographic & political center of Greek life |
| acopolis | a fortified hill |
| agora | an open area used as a marketplace |
| Sparta | a city-state in the south-central region of Greece, in an area known as the Peloponnesus |
| aristocrats | nobles |
| assembly | a governing body made up of all citizens over 20 years old; passed laws and decided questions of war and peace |
| ephors | five managers, who took charge of public affairs and guided the education of young Spartans |
| Council of Elders | made up of men over 60 years old who were chosen for life; served as high court, suggested laws, and helped the ephors |
| helots | enslaved people owned by the city-state |
| perioeci | merchants and artisans who lived in the villages; not slaves or citizens |
| Athens | A city-state located on the Ageean coast |
| oligarchy | a form of government in which a few people have the ruling power. |
| Draco | an aristocrat who tried to make changes to the Athenian government; too harsh |
| Solon | A leader who established a constitution and made many changes |
| constitution | a set of principles and riles for governing |
| Peisistratus | A leader who supported the lower classes |
| Cleisthenes | A leader who established the first democratic constitution |
| magistrates | judges |
| The Council of 500 | A governing body that handled the daily business of Athens and were selected by lottery |
| The Battle of Marathon | fought to aid the Ionians against Persian conquest |
| Nike | The goddess of victory |
| triremes | warships that had three levels of rowers on each side |
| Xerxes | son of Darius; sent 250,00 soldiers and conquered northern Greece |
| Thermopylae | a narrow mountain pass where 7,000 Greek soldiers held off the Persian army for three days |
| Salamis | A nearby island where the people of Athens fled to safety from the attack on Athens |
| Battle of Plataea | Final battle in the Persian Wars |
| defensive league | protective group |
| Delian League | a defensive group with headquarters on the island of Delos, made up of soldiers from many city-states |
| Pericles | known as the "first citizen" of Athens, who wanted Athens to be the most perfect city of the time |
| Parthenon | the temple of the goddess Athena on the arcropolis |
| long walls | Five-mile roofed, fortified walls which connected Athens with its seaport of Piraeus |
| Peloponnesian War | a 30 year civil war between Athens and Sparta |
| mercenaries | hired soldiers |
| Philip II of Macedonia | conquered Greece |
