| A | B |
| Geology | study of history, structure, processes, and composition of Earth's solid surface |
| Meteorology | study of Earth's atmosphere, including weather and climate |
| Astronomy | study of the universe |
| observation | the perception of the environment by one or more human senses- sight, hearing, touch, taste, or smell |
| instrument | a human-made device that extends the senses beyond their normal limits |
| inference | an interpretation of an observation |
| classification | the grouping together of similar observations and inferences |
| measurement | a means of expressing an observation with greater accuracy or precision |
| mass | the amount of matter in an object |
| volume | the amount of space that an object occupies |
| density | mass/ volume |
| cyclic change | an orderly change in the environment in which an event repeats itself; example: moon phases |
| prediction | a type of inference about the conditions and behavior of the environment in the future |
| natural resources | the materials and energy sources found in the environment |