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Cause-Effect: The Articles of Confederation and Constitution

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The end of the War for IndependenceThe Revolution continues to establish a stable government and society as an independent nation
The desire to avoid an aristocratic societyAbolition of primogeniture laws, backlash against the Society of the Cincinnati
The desire to separate church and stateThe Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom and the First Amendment
A realization that slavery was incompatible with the ideas of the RevolutionMany Northern states abolished slavery, more slaves were freed in masters' wills than any other time in U.S. history, the anti-slavery provisions of the Northwest Ordinance, etc.
Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton ginReinvigoration of slavery and ended the Founding Fathers' hope that slavery would die a natural death
The Revolution's impact on womenWomen do not gain political rights and were expected to fulfill the role of republican mothers
The Revolution's impact on the economyShortages, inflation, high war debts, and being shut off from the benefits of the British Empire
A weak, young republicForeign powers (Spain, France, and Britain) pick on the young republic whose republican experiment is a threat to their monarchies
The U.S. failing to fulfill its obligations in the Treaty of Paris to compensate loyalist property lossesBritain refuses to evacuate its posts in the Ohio Valley
Western farmers using rivers to get their goods to marketThe Mississippi and the port of New Orleans is not only a strategic location but essential to the U.S. economy
The British no longer providing naval protection and the U.S. lacking the means to pay the Barbary PiratesU.S. commerce is subject to seizure in the Mediterranean by city-states such as Tripoli
The need to clear up who has the right to negotiate with the Indians: the states, federal government, or both?The passage of the Indian Intercourse Act
Writing state constitutions, in some cases multiple timesProvided valuable practice for drafting the U.S. Constitution
The Founding Fathers' idea that only the best people should voteProperty requirements for white males for suffrage rights
Large states giving up their western lands to the federal governmentSmall state holdouts ratify the Articles of Confederation
Bad experience with British colonial governors and courtsNo chief executive, no Supreme Court, and little power granted to the central government in the Articles of Confederation
2/3 majority to pass laws, all states required to ratify an amendment to the Articles of ConfederationThe government is gridlocked under the Articles of Confederation and it is very inflexible
The Articles handling of the issue of western landsOne of the few lasting successes of the Articles of Confederation
The Northwest OrdinanceEstablished an orderly process for states, all new states would be equals of the original 13, and slavery was prohibited in the area north of the Ohio River
Mounting debts and foreclosures in western MassachusettsShays' Rebellion
Shays' RebellionMade many influential people realize the Articles of Confederation were too weak and major changes were needed
The Annapolis ConventionThe first attempt to revise the Articles of Confederation but not enough states were present to conduct business
The delegates at the Constitutional Convention realized compromise was such a major priorityOath of secrecy of delegates and guards were stationed at the door of the convention hall
The most contentious issue of the Constitutional Convention was representationThe New Jersey and Virginia Plans were reconciled with the Great Compromise
The delegates of the Constitutional Convention fearing the masses ("mobocracy")The government created by the Constitution is a representative democracy, not a direct democracy, creation of the Electoral College, and state legislatures appoint U.S. Senators, etc.
The Founding Fathers did not want any branch to become too powerfulAn elaborate system of checks and balances was created
The question at the Constitutional Convention of how slaves should be counted for taxation and representation purposesThe Three-Fifths Compromise
Adding the Necessary and Proper Clause to the ConstitutionThe Elastic Clause give the Constitution the ability to be flexible beyond what is specifically written in the document
The Constitution needing to be ratified by 9 of 13 states by special ratifying conventionsThe Federalists write the Federalist Papers to sway important states to ratify the Constitution
The Anti-Federalist fears that the Constitution does not specifically protect basic rights such as speech, press, and religionThe Federalists promise the addition of a Bill of Rights during the ratification process
An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution by Charles M. BeardOffers a cynical view of the Founding Fathers' motives at the Constitutional Convention


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