| A | B |
|---|
| New France | The French Empire in North America which consisted of Canada along the St. Lawrence River (ex: Quebec and Montreal), the Great Lakes area, and the Mississippi Valley (ex: St. Louis and New Orleans) |
| Huguenots | French Protestants who were discriminated against by the government, minority within Catholic-dominated Protestant, they were forbidden from New France. |
| Edict of Nantes (1598) | Temporarily allowed freedom of religion for the Huguenots |
| Jesuits | French missionaries- their priests established missions and proved the best French explorers and map-makers |
| coureurs de bois | The literal translation is "runner of the woods." These were French woodsman who without proper permission, engaged in the fur trade within the interior of Canada. |
| Cajuns | Descendents of the Acadians (French Canadians) who settled in Louisiana during colonial America. |
| French and Indian Wars | A series of four wars between France and England for control of the Ohio River Valley. Consisted of King William's War (1689 - 1697), Queen Anne's War (1702 - 1713), War of Jenkins' Ear (1739 - 1748) , and Seven Years' War (1754 - 1763); Britain ultimately won control of North America |
| King George's War (1744-1748) | Known as the War of Jenkins' Ear or the War of Austrian Succession. War began between Spain and Britain in 1739. Ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. New England colonists captured the French fortress at Louisbourg |
| Louisbourg | Seemingly impregnable French fortress guarding the mouth of the St. Lawrence River, captured by colonists during the War of Jenkins' Ear but returned to the French in the peace treaty- much to the dismay of the colonists |
| Seven Years War (1754 - 1763) | Sometimes known as the French and Indian War. The most conclusive of the French and Indian Wars as the French threat was removed from North America. Native Americans no longer played as big a role with the Europeans, the British were in debt. |
| The Albany Congress (1754) | Occurred at the beginning of the French and Indian War- 1st assembled to ensure loyalty of Iroquois; Benjamin Franklin proposed a new plan for colonial unity- but was rejected |
| Battle of Quebec (1759) | General Wolfe's British forces defeated the Marquis de Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham outside Quebec; essentially ended the F&I War in North America |
| Treaty of Paris (1763) | Ended the Seven Years' War, gave the British control of the eastern half of North America; Spain received Louisiana, France was done as a North American power |
| Guadalupe/Martinique | Two valuable sugar islands in the West Indies that France was allowed to maintain after the Treaty of Paris (1763) |
| Pontiac's Rebellion (1763) | Led by Neolin who said the Indians needed to purify themselves of white ways and drive the white men out- led to the Proclamation of 1763 |
| Proclamation of 1763 | The British that prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains in order to 1) prevent costly Indian wars and 2) better control the colonists (off course this could not be the stated reason) |
| mercantilism | The economic theory for a nation to make as much money as possible because there is only so much wealth in the world. To goal is to own as much percentage of that wealth as possible by exploiting colonies. Export > imports |
| Navigation Acts | A series of acts by the British to make the colonies exclusively dependant on Britain instead of their rivals the Dutch, retarded economic development of the colonies in favor of the country |
| Molasses Act (1733) | An act by the British to make the colonies purchase their sugar products from British producers and not French ones. |
| salutary neglect | In the 1680s through 1763, this term was used to describe the British policy of leniency towards the American colonies' trade matters. By not being strict on the colonies, they became accustomed to a large degree of economic independence. |
| Royal veto | This term means that the King could nullify acts passed by c colonial legislatures. This was not done often, and it prohibited the colonies from printing money in the 1700s. |
| Admiralty courts | These were used to prosecute violators of the Navigation Acts and other British mercantilist policies. These were used to help the violators prove themselves innocent, however they did not have juries, so they were basically military tribunals. |
| writs of assistance | This was a general search warrant, issued by the British, which allowed customs agents the right to search any building or ship in the colonies for smuggled goods. These searches did not have a specific purpose, the agents would only choose certain ships and buildings according to their suspicion of them. Specifically prohibited by the Fourth Amendment. |
| laissez-faire | French word that means "to let alone". Economists opposing government intervention during The Navigation Acts. The government has a limited role |
| enumerated goods | Commodities that could only be sold to England and not any other nations. An example of this is tobacco. |
| republican form of government | Where the people have the power and they elect representatives to make decisions for them. Shifts away from the idea of having a titled monarchy. Fear of the increasing power of the British government. |
| The Enlightenment | French intellectual movement that emphasized natural laws and reason. Some of the philosophers were Montesquieu and John Locke (life, liberty, and property). Influenced many Founding Fathers. |
| Sugar Act (1764) | First attempt by the crown to raise revenue. It decreased the duties of sugar from the West Indies, but it was repealed shortly after. |
| Quartering Act (1765) | Required colonist to provide food and shelter for British troops, the colonist hated this and later prohibited it (Third Amendment). |
| virtual representation | Idea believed by the British that Parliament represents ALL members of the British Empire, not just the constituents of their district |
| actual representation | Idea believed by the Americans where representatives had to be residents of the district they came from |
| Stamp Act (1765) | Designed to cover the costs of stationing troops in America. It required a stamp (a tax) to be applied on a variety of goods such as playing cards.--> boycotts and Stamp Act Congress |
| Sugar Act Congress (1765) | 27 delegates from 9 colonies met to create grievances to be sent to the king. Non-importation agreements, or boycotts against British goods went into effect. |
| Sons of Liberty | It was founded by Samuel Adams. The Sons and Daughters of Liberty tarred and feathered stamp tax collectors. |
| Declaratory Act (1766) | After the repeal of the Stamp Act, Parliament passed the act to reassert Parliament's authority in all cases whatsoever |
| Townshend Acts (1767) | Charles Townshend applied a tax on a variety of goods such as glass, tea, paint, paper, and lead. He hoped for the taxes to pay for judges and other British officials although the colonists opposed it due to the lack of representation. |
| Boston Massacre (1770) | On March 5, 1770, 4,000 British troops were stationed in Boston, mounting tensions. Angered colonist tormented the troops, which led to the killing of five Bostonians |
| Committees of Correspondence | Established in 1772 by Samuel Adams to publicize grievances against British policy. This effectively acted as propaganda machines. |
| Boston Tea Party (1773) | on December 16, 1773, Bostonians dressed as Indians dumped 342 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor. £10,000 worth of tea was destroyed, approximately 45 tons. |
| Intolerable Acts/Coercive Acts (1774) | Were acts that acted as the consequences of the Boston Tea Party. The port of Boston was closed until damages were paid, Boston was placed under martial law, and town meetings were prohibited. |
| Quebec Act (1774) | Passed by Parliament to set the procedure of governance in Quebec, this was done by expanding their territory into Indian reserves, making the province more Catholic friendly, and reinstating French Civil Law for private affairs (ex: no trial by jury). |
| First Continental Congress (1774) | The Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the thirteen colonies that came to govern the United States during the American Revolution. The First was called in response to the Intolerable Acts and called for the Association |
| The Association | Created by the First Continental System; attempt to force the repeal of objectionable British legislature, such as the Quebec and Coercive Acts through the use of a full boycott against trade with Britain, Ireland, and the British West Indies. |
| Minutemen | Colonial militia during the American Revolution, that provided highly mobile and responsive support to British war threats. |
| Lexington and Concord (1775) | The first of the clashes between British and American forces during the American Revolution, prior to the engagement, the Americans discovered the English's plans to destroy armaments; located in the militia outpost in Concord, they responded by deploying forces to Lexington and succeeded in pushing the British back to Boston; known as "the shot heard around the world" |
| Second Continental Congress (1775) | A meeting of delegates from the 13 colonies that met on May 10, 1775 to deal with the war and attempt to improve matters with Britain (the Olive Branch Petition). |
| Olive Branch Petition (1775) | A statement by the Second Continental Congress asking for peace and forgiveness after Lexington and Concord- rejected by the King |
| Prohibitory Act (1775) | Britain's attempt to cripple the American economy by blockading the colonies and preventing trade with any country |
| Bunker Hill | Battle where American soldiers held off British attacks until they (Americans) ran out of ammo and had to retreat |
| Common Sense (1776) | Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine which appealed to common people, gave arguments against British rule and for independence; argued a republican form of government is a far superior form of government to a monarchy |
| Hessians | German mercenaries hired by the King to fight in the Revolution, hated by the Patriots |
| Declaration of Independence (1776) | Formal statement the Patriot cause was for independence; showed foreign powers (ex: France) that the Patriots were serious. Written by Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. Laid out 1) natural rights of "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" and 2) justifications for breaking away from the King |
| Patriots | Approximately 1/3 of the colonists; supporters of the rebellion against Britain |
| Loyalists/Tories | Approximately 1/3 of the colonists; those who supported the British war effort; 50,000 served for the British; couldn't make generalizations to why they stayed loyal to the king; consisted of wealthy New Yorkers and many were immigrants from England, Scotland, and Ireland; 100,000 left in the country after the war |
| Battle of Trenton | Washington surprised the Hessians on Christmas night 1776; famous crossing of the Delaware River; raised morale and convinced the soldiers to stay; followed up with a victory at Princeton |
| Valley Forge | Located in Pennsylvania, Valley Forge was the site of Washington's Continental Army encampment during the harsh winter of 1777. |
| Saratoga | A 1777 Battle in the American Revolution where Americans defeated the British and served as the turning point of the war by persuading the French to ally Americans. |
| The Armed Neutrality League | Refers to the alliance of European powers to protect neutral nations during the American Revolution (1780-1783) and the Napoleonic wars (1800-1801) From the British Navy's policy of search for French Contraband. |
| Battle of Yorktown (1781) | An important Revolution battle led by general George Washington where his army defeated Cornwallis's army with the help of French. Essentially ended the major fighting of the American Revolution. |
| Treaty of Paris (1783) | The treaty that ended the American Revolution and gave America: Independence, rights to fish off the coast of Newfoundland, and access to the Mississippi River. It also gave the Spanish Florida. |
