| A | B |
|---|
| Election of 1860 | The election of Lincoln (Republican), Stephen Douglas (Northern Democat), and John C. Breckinridge (Southern Democrat); the South did not trust Douglas after the Freeport Doctrine so they nominated someone Breckinridge- Lincoln won despite only 40% of popular vote and no states in the South --> secession |
| Confederate States of America | Met in Montgomery, Alabama of Feb. 1861; drafted a constitution that permitted slavery; in order secession (S. Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Geogria, Louisiana, and Texas). Later included Arkansas, North Carolina, Virginia, and Tennessee |
| Fort Sumter | The beginning of secession; April 12-13, 1861, the Confederates attacked Fort Sumter which made them now look like the aggressors; there were no casualities in this attack. 1st shots of the Civil War. |
| Border States | Four slaveholding states that have not seceded from the Union (Delaware,Missouri,Kentucky,Missouri). Lincoln was very active to ensure they did not secede (ex: suspending habeas corpus, declaring martial law, etc.) |
| martial law | Suspending rights for the military use; this was declared because of thefear the Border States would secede. |
| Writ of Habeas Courpus | Prevents unjust arrests and/or imprisonments. Suspended by Lincoln |
| Andanconda Plan | Northern strategy to win the war: A) blockade of Confederate coasts B) divide Confederacy by taking control of the Mississippi River and 3) ultimately conqure Richmond, VA. |
| war of attrition | a struggle in which you wear down your opponent over time with superior strength and resources |
| King Cotton Diplomancy | South relied on cotton to bring foreign support to their side of the war. Little did the know that cotton could be gotten other places. |
| Trent Affair (1861) | Union ships seized two Confederate diplomats from a British ship- the Trent, Britain was irate, everything was settled when the Union apologized and released the diplomats. Probably as close as the British came to intervening in the Civil War |
| Emancipation Proclamation | An executive order placed by Abraham Lincoln in 1862 after the victory at Antietam (September 1862) stating that unless the rebellious states returned to the Union by January 1, freedom would be granted to slaves within those states. In reality freed no one. |
| Battle of Antietam (1862) | An important battle taking place in 1862, that turned into the bloodiest single day of the Civil War. In this battle, Lee's plans for invading Maryland were discovered by Union soldiers, thus allowing McClellan to know what Lee was planning. This battle also gave Lincoln an excuse to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. |
| Thirteenth Amendment (1865) | Paper money issued during the war by the United States government |
| 54th Massachusetts | The first black regiment recruited in the North- the subject of the movie "Glory". |
| conscription | The compulsory enrollment of people to some sort of public service, most often military service. Resented by lower classes on both sides because the wealthy could hire a substitute. |
| “Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight” | Because of the draft, the rich were paying the poor to go fight for them- resentment in both regions. |
| New York City Draft Riots (1863) | Predominantly Irish laborers who resented the Emancipation Proclamation and the fact that they were targeted in the draft. Lasted 5 days, 128 people were killed, and a colored orphanage was destroyed. It is the largest civil disturbance in the nation’s history |
| Greenbacks | The term deemed to those who favored inflation from paper money |
| income tax | Was used by the Union for the first time, a tax on your income. |
| U.S. Sanitary Commission | Promoted by Dorothea Dix and Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell. It wanted healthier conditions in army camps. |
| Copperheads | During the Civil War a group in the North wanted to avoid war and called for peace negotiations with the Confederates, the crazed North at this time didn’t want peace and banished and shunned these people. Led by Clement L. Vallandigham. |
| Election of 1864 | The election of President Lincoln for his second term came near the end of the Civil War. He ran against the once Union General, McClellan, and bitterly defeated him in the electoral vote 212 to 21, but came to a little less than double in the popular vote; 2,218,388 to 1,812,807. |
| Monitor vs. Merrimack (1862) | this was the first battle between two iron clad ships in any American war. It was fought on March 8–9 in the Chesapeake Bay, where the two ships fought for three hours, yet could not harm the other. |
| Battle of Shiloh (1862) | This battle was fought April 6–7, 1862, in southwestern Tennessee and involved a sneak attack form the Confederate army. This is one of the few times in the Civil War that the South had more men; however they were turned back in some fierce fighting. |
| Battle of Gettysburg (1863) | This battle was fought July 1–3, 1863, in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and was the bloodiest battle of the Civil War. The most of the battle was fought around three hills that provided cover for the North, after two days of great losses on each side and unsuccessful attempts to take the hills by the South, Lee issued Picketts Charge. A group of 13 thousand Confederate soldiers charged the one mile gap between the armies strait at the Unions center line. The charge was devastated, but they made it to the Unions side only to be pushed back in a few minutes, out of the 13 thousand that made the charge 8,725 Confederate soldiers lay dead in the field. This was the turning point in the war that the South never recovered from. |
| Battle of Vicksburg (1863) | Union forces, under Ulysses S. Grant laid siege to the last Confederate bastion on the Mississippi- led to Union control of the entire length of the River. |
| Atlanta/Sherman's March of Sea | Sherman captured Atlanta in the fall of 1864; proceeded to cut a 60-mile wide path across Georgia to capture Savannah, the army destroyed anyhting in its path that could be used by the enemy. Led to Lincoln's reelection in 1864. |
| Appomattox | Ulysses S. Grant was in hot pursuit for Lee after he left Richmond; Lee was cornered and he surrrendered at Appomattox. Effectively ended the Civil War. |
| The Lost Cause | A sense that the South was not beaten due to lack of courage or bravery, but only because of the overwhelming Yankee numbers. Glorification of the Confederate cause in the subsequent decades after the Civil War in the South |
| Reconstruction | Reconstruction meant the literal reconstrucion of the South and the reunification of the North and South. 1865-1877 |
| Presidential vs. Congressional Reconstruction | The conflict between Lincoln's ideas of a lenient plan to readmit the Southern states and Congress' Radical reconstruction to punish the South |
| Ten Percent Plan | Abraham Lincoln's plan for a speedy reconstruction in the South-only required 10% of a state's voters to swear an oath of loyalty before being readmitted. |
| Wade-Davis Bill (1864) | Proposed by Radical Republicans, contradicted Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan because it wanted 50%, pocketvetoed by Lincoln |
| Pocket Veto | Allows the President to indirectly veto a bill by not taking action for 10 days- if there are less than 10 days left in Congress's session then the bill is pocketvetoed- Congress does not have the ability to override |
| Civil Rights Act of 1866 | Declared that everyone born in the U.S. is a citizen, regardless of race. |
| Juneteenth | June 19th, the date at which Texans celebrate the emancipation of slaves. The date of celebration of emancipation may differ between states due to the status of the Civil War. |
| Exodusters | Black migrants to Kansas in the 1870s- a failure |
| Freedmen's Bureau | A group of northern carpetbaggers and free blacks headed by Oliver O. Howard which was designed to provide services such as food, clothing, mefical care, and education to freedman and poor whites. Vetoed by Johnson. |
| The Union League | A Republican Party organization which organized freedmen politically. |
| Black Codes | Southerners needed a way to get blacks back into the fields and working, therefore they created these codes which forbid interracial marriages and essentially allowed slavery. |
| Ku Klux Klan | Founded in 1866, the KKK, Knights of the White Camellia, was formed in Pulaski, Tennesse in order to intimidate and terrorize blacks and Republicans. They dressed in sheets to pretend being ghosts of Confederate soldiers and had elaborate, violent rituals aimed towards freee blacks and carpetbaggers. |
| Force Acts | Also known as the Ku Klux Klan Acts, the Force Acts (1870- 1871) was the first time the federal governement used its power to prosecute crimes by individuals under federal law. These acts significatly decreased the violence of the KKK. |
| Military Reconstruction Act (1867) | The Military Reconstruction Acts of 1867 divided the South, except Tennessee, into five military districts in which was garrisoned by about 20,000 federal troops. These acts were vetoed by Johnson and did not confiscate or redistribute planters' land. |
| impeachment | To bring up charges for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors". The House draws up the impeachment charges and the Senate determines whether to convict or acquit (2/3 vote). President Andrew Johnson was impeached. |
| Tenure of Office Act (1867) | Forbade the President from removing cabinent official without Senate approval. President Johnson removed Secretary of War, Edwin M. Stanton, without Senate approval and was therefore impeached. |
| Reconstruction Amendments | Consisting of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, these amendments to the Constitution freed slaves, gave the citizenship, and granted them sufferage. |
| Fourteenth Amendment (1868) | Defined citizenship, eliminated Confederate debt, and prohibited States from abridging the rights of American citizens. The States also could not deprive anyone of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness without due process of law. |
| Fifteenth Amendment (1870) | Black males were granted suffrage, States could not deny suffrage based on color, race, or previous servitude. Did not guarantee the right to vote, merely stated that it could not be prohibited based on race. |
| National Woman Suffrage Association | Created by Susan Anthony and Elizabeth B. Stanton following the fifteenth amendment because voting rights were not extended to women. |
| Election of 1876 | Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) vs. Samuel Tilden (democrat), very close election: Tilden won popular vote while Hayes won majority. Disputed electoral results in South Carolina, Florida, and Lousiana. Resolved with the Compromise of 1877 and Hayes wins the Presidency. |
| Compromise of 1877 | Stated that Hayes (Republican) would be president and ended reconstruction by withdrawing the last troops from Louisiana and South Carolina. |
| carpetbaggers | Northern Republicans who came to the South to help with Reconstuction (offensive). |
| scalawags | Southerners who supported reconstruction, usualy were yeomen farmers and saw modernization as a good thing. |
| redeemers | Those who restored Democratic rule, usualy pre-war elites. |
| sharecroppers/tenant farmers | Farmers who worked someone elses land, typicaly were former slaves and poor whites. They repaid debts by turning over a share of the crop to the landowner but it usualy wasn't enough to prifit so they remained poor by being caught in a cycle of debt. |
| crop lien system | An important agricultural system in which tenant farmers and sharecroppers bought a credit from country stores (typically owned by land owners). This system created a cycle of debt. The landlord provided seed, fertilizer, and land, in return for one half of the crop. |
| The New South | Henry Grady, edutor of the Atlanta Journal Constitution, called for a "New South: to industrialize and modernize. He pushed to create railroads that coordinated with northern rails. |
| convict-lease system | The use of prisoners to build roads, grow cotton, etc. This system often resembled slavery. |
| Parchman Penal Farm | The Missississippi State Penitentiary that was infamous for its use of convict labor. |
| Jim Crow | Segregation laws passed in order to end northern support for blacks. These laws resulted in a spike of lynchings in the 1890s. These were upheld in the Supreme Court by the court case of Plessy v. Ferguson which stated that blacks were "separate but equal". |
| lynchings | Brutal attacks, against the black community, that involved a mob of whites hanging one or more victims, and sometimes torturing the victim. |
| miscegenation laws | Laws that forbade interracial marriage and sexual relations between blacks and whites, enforced until 1967. |
| Civil Rights Cases (1883) | A groups of 5 similar cases that consolidated into a single issue, Congress' inability to outlaw racial discrimination from private organizations. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | The supreme court case that upheld the constitutionality of state laws requiring segregation, under the doctrine of "separate, but equal". |
| literacy tests/understanding clauses | Tests, designed by the South to reduce the amount of blacks able to vote, by requiring voters to be able to read, and interpret political texts. |
| Williams v. Mississippi (1898) | The Supreme Court did not find discrimination in the state's requirements for voters to pass a literacy test and pay poll taxes. |
| grandfather clause | This was used when the South had voting restrictions, but there was an exception if your grandfather could vote. |
| poll taxes | This was a part of the Jim Crow Laws which forced the blacks to pay a fee top vote, which most of them could not. |
| gerrymandering | When electoral boundaries are manipulated for political gain. |
| white primary | The disenfranchising black voters, Democratic party excluded those who they did not want to join, made the only competitive election in the South the Democratic primary. |
