| A | B |
|---|
| The Great Triumvirate | The three men who dominated the U.S. Senate in their time. Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun. All were great men but none became President. Usually opposed Jackson at one time or another. |
| Corrupt Bargain-Election of 1824 | Election of 1824. A "corrupt bargain" between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay in which Adams won the presidency and then proceeded to appoint Clay to the position of Secretary of State. |
| plurality vs. majority | majority is greater than 50 percent of the votes while plurality is having the most votes compared to the other people running. Presidential candidates need a majority- not a plurality- to become President. If no majority- the House of Representatives decides. |
| Tariff of 1828 | The goal of the tariff was to protect industries in the North in the U.S. which were being driven out of business by low-priced imported goods by putting a tax on them. Sometimes known in the South as the "Tariff of Abominations"- the root cause of the Nullification Crisis. |
| Jacksonian Democracy | Jacksonian democracy was completely based on extended suffrage, Manifest Destiny, the spoils system, strict constructionism, Laissez-faire economics, and anti-Bank sentiments |
| Dorr Rebellion (1841) | Protesting suffrage restrictions in Rhode Island |
| Election of 1828 | Jackson vs. John Quincy Adams; there was a great deal of mudsling and vicious campaigning. Jackson wanted revenge because of the "Corrupt Bargain" of 1824. Jackson won easily. Ushered in the Era of Mass Democracy- or the Era of the Common Man |
| coffin handbill | A series of pamphlets attacking Andrew Jackson during the 1828 presidential election over executing some of his soldiers for desertion during the War of 1812. |
| Jackson Inauguration (1829) | his brief inaugural was drowned out by cheers. He allowed common people to attend and come to the White House. Everyone totally trashed it. Many were horrified by what happened. |
| spoils system | The right of officeholders to appoint loyal followers to public office. Sometimes known as patronage today. Very much related to Jackson's belief of rotation in office. |
| rotation in office | Andrew Jackson believed every government official should pass before public judgment. He felt a fresh group of officials was needed often to prevent the development of excessive bureaucracy. |
| Kitchen Cabinet | Unlike previous presidents who had used formal cabinets, Andrew Jackson made use of an unofficial group of advisors who met in his kitchen area often, resulting in the term "kitchen cabinet." |
| Maysville Road Veto | The Maysville Road bill would have allowed the federal government to fund an interstate road between Lexington and the Ohio River. Jackson vetoed the bill because he believed the government did not have the power to fund interstate projects and it interfered with paying off the national debt. |
| interstate vs. intrastate | "Interstate" refers to projects and issues that span multiple states while "intrastate" refers to issues within a state. State's rights advocates believed they had the ultimate say in their state boundaries while nationalists believed the federal government could fund interstate projects and federal law was above state law. |
| Nullification Crisis | The Tariff of 1828, the "Tariff of Abominations", hurt southern commerce since the South tended to import manufactured goods. In 1832, South Carolina decided to nullify the law, claiming it would not take effect in state boundaries, and threatened to secede if the tariff was to be collected by force. Andrew Jackson hated the idea of secession, and threatened to invade the state and hang the nullifiers. Jackson began to build and army and sent naval and military enforcement to the state. Henry Clay then proposed a compromise tariff which would lower the rates, and the compromise succeeded in preventing potential civil war. |
| South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828) | John C. Calhoun's secret protest of the Tariff of 1828, written without the Presidents knowledge or consent. |
| Peggy Eaton Affair | Peggy Eaton was criticized for her marriage to John Eaton shortly after her previous husband's death. The other wives of members of the White House formed an "Anti-Peggy" coalition to humiliate and demure her. Eventually, most members of Jackson's Cabinet quit in protest. |
| Jefferson Day Dinner (1830) | Jackson and Hayne began toasting to the "Union of the states" and "Our federal union, it must be preserved!" To which Calhoun responded, "The Union, next to our liberty, the most dear!" Jackson had given Calhoun a clear challenge, and they grew politically apart. |
| Webster-Hayne Debates (1830) | Heated debates between Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne over protectionist tariffs, as well as the nullification crisis. Daniel Webster eloquently defended the Union. |
| Force Act (1833) | This act was passed by Andrew Jackson, giving him the power to use military force to make South Carolina comply with the Tariff of 1828. |
| Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeast | Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole. Considered "Civilized" because they adopted many white practices. Lived in Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. |
| Worcester v. Georgia (1832) | Ruled that prohibiting non-Indians from being present on Indian lands without a license from the state was unconstitutional. Pro-Cherokee decision made by the Marshall Court. |
| Indian Removal Act (1830) | the Indians were to give up their lands east of the Mississippi in exchange for lands to the west. Those wishing to remain in the east would become citizens of their home state. |
| Trail of Tears | The forcible relocation and movement of Native Americans (specifically the Cherokee) from their homelands to Indian Territory in the Western United States |
| Black Hawk War | Sauk, Fox, and Kickapoo tribes crossed the Mississippi back into Illinois after being relocated. |
| Seminole Wars | Three conflicts in Florida between the Seminole and United States Army- longest and bloodies of the U.S. Indian Wars. Chief Osceola-led the Seminoles. Lived in Florida (ex: Florida State University Seminoles) |
| Second Bank of United States | Chartered in 1816, five years after the first bank of U.S. lost its own charter, Nicholas Biddle was president of the bank, and the bank was also an enemy of Andrew Jackson |
| Election of 1832 | Andrew Jackson's easy victory over Henry Clay, in which Jackson earned 219 out of 286 electoral votes, Jackson was reelected and it meant the end of the Bank. |
| pet banks | Degrading name given to state banks selected by the U.S. Department of Treasury to deposit the funds from the BUS in the aftermath of the Bank War |
| Second Party System | Term used by historians to name the political party system existing in the U.S. from 1828 to 1854: Whigs vs. Democrats |
| Whigs vs. Democrats | Henry Clay's view vs. Jacksons view; Whigs were more like the old Federalist Party with a more active federal government and pro-capitalism outlook. |
| Morgan Affair (1826) | William Morgan was a former member of the Masons who threatened to reveal its secrets. He was killed and this led to the rise of the Anti-Mason Party. |
| "positive liberal state" | The Whig view of government-actively intervenes in society to promote the general welfare. |
| Anti-Masons | The 1st third party in U.S. History- formed because of the Morgan Affair. 1st party to have a national nominating convention. |
| Election of 1836 | Martin Van Buren vs. a variety of Whigs who wanted to force the election to the House; Martin Van Buren wins |
| Panic of 1837 | A financial crisis, when banks began to accept specie, based on Andrew Jackson's assumption that the government was selling land for states bank notes of questionable value. Overspeculation was probably the #1 cause of the Panic. |
| Specie Circular | An executive order issued by President Andrew Jackson in 1836 and carried out by President Martin Van Buren, that required payment for government land in gold or silver. |
| Wildcat Banks | Unstable Western banks chartered under the state law during periods of non-federally regulated state banking- helped contribute to the Panic of 1837. |
| "Divorce Bill" | President Van Buren "divorced" the government from the bank all together, establishing an independent treasury. |
| Independent Subtreasury | A system for the retaining of government funds in the United States Treasury and its subtreasuries, independently of the national banking and financial systems. |
| Election of 1840/ "Log Cabin" Campaign | Harrison won the election due to its portrayal of Harrison‘s supposedly humble origins though the reality was that he was from a prominent Virginia family and was the son of the one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" |
| "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" | William Henry Harrison's campaign slogan in the Election of 1840- highlighted his victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. |
| Market Revolution | A sudden expansion of capitalism into the interior of the United States |
| squatters | A settler who moves onto some land that is not claimed, after a while he can claim that land as his own property |
| Preemption Act (1841) | Permitted squatters who had lived on government land for at least 14 months to purchase up to 160 acres for a cheap price. |
| push v. pull factors | Way to simply explain motivations for migration movements. Push factors were, religious persecution, political persecution, and crop failures. Pull factors were, economic opportunity, religious and political freedom, and rejoining family and friends. |
| Potato Famine | Started in the 1840's, 2 million people died, many people left Ireland, English did not help them because the Irish were Catholic. |
| nativism | The dislike and prejudice of immigrants; ex: Know-Nothing Party |
| Irish | Attracted to the northeastern cities, 250,000 came in 1851 many died on the way, came over very poor, and formed gangs, they were Catholic, and also liked to drink. |
| Germans | Germans moved to America because of failed revolutions in 1848, and deteriorating farming conditions, they weren't as poor as the Irish and most went to mid-west. In 1850 Germans made of 20% of foreign-born population. |
| The Native American Association(1835) | The Native American Association is a group before the Know- Nothing Party, they too also wanted the restrictions on the immigrants. |
| The Know- Nothing Party/ American Party/ Order of the Star Spangled Banner | They were a very secretive party that wanted to place restrictions on the immigrants, they also were strong in the northeast, and were insignificant after 1856. |
| Cult of Domesticity/ Cult of True Womanhood | Glorified women as homemaker's, it also emphasized the different roles of men and women, like the roles of everyday life. Especially prevalent among affluent urban women. |
| Industrial Revolution | In the mid 1700's the Industrial Revolution started in Britain, the revolution took a while to catch on in America. With the Industrial Revolution there was a shift toward factories verses the homemaking. The introduction to the "putting- out" system, which was the production of goods at home but merchants bring the raw materials. Samuel Slater comes out with the European factories plans on how they run the factories, and were copied and brought to America. Eli Whitney made the interchangeable parts. |
| cotton gin | Eli Whitney invented in 1793, It ended the theory that Slavery will die a natural death, Helped the South, benefited New England because it produced a large supply of cotton for New England textiles, |
| interchangeable parts | Invented by Eli Whitney, First applied to the production of muskets, Enabled mass production and division of labor, Perfected by Simeon North and John Hall, |
| unions | 1820s: rise of the Workingmen‘s Party, Unions rose due to the long hours, harsh pay, and dangerous conditions |
| strikes | Strikes were a part of the unions fighting for their rights, Strikes were not that common because workers could easily be replaced if they were not willing to work |
| Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) | 1842 , the Massachusetts Supreme Court upheld the legality of unions , Many states followed and took similar positions |
| Lowell Factory System (1840s) | The factory system in which young girls were used and were managed with a paternalistic approach. Sought to eliminate the inhumane labor practices found in England. |
| Transportation Revolution (early 1800s) | The Revolution in which methods of travel were improved greatly, such as roads, steamboats, canals, railroads, and clippers. |
| turnpikes | Privately financed toll roads. The first turnpike was the Lancaster Turnpike created in 1795. |
| National Road/Cumberland Road (1806-1839) | First road financed by the national government. It connected Cumberland, Maryland and Vandalia, Illinois over a distance of 591 miles. |
| steamboat | Boats that ran off of steam power and were capable of traveling upstream. Robert Fulton was the first man to successfully create the steamboat. He called it the Clermont. |
| Erie Canal | Built to connect the Great Lakes and the Hudson River. Started in 1817. Finished in 1825. Called "Clinton's Big Ditch" or "The Governor's Gutter". It's construction was led by Governor Dewitt Clinton |
| railroads | Started being built in the 1830's. Was the main source of transportation before the Civil War. Very dangerous to build. Mostly found in the North. Helped ship goods more effectively. Irish and Chinese immigrants were the main ones to work on them because they would accept lower wages. |
| gauge | Was the width between the tracks. At the beginning was not standardized, which caused early on problems with Railroad travel. |
| clippers | Good ocean ship. Very fast, faster than any steamer. Sacrificed cargo space for speed. |
| telegraph | Samuel F.B. Morse. Made 1861. First messages were typed out to California. |
| Trans-Atlantic Cable | Promoted by Cyrus Field, was basically a telegraph across the Atlantic- rapidly increased communication between America and Europe. |
| Pony Express | Established in 1860. Carried mail from St. Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California. There were check stations approximately ten miles apart. Could the 2,000 mile trip in ten days. Failed after 18 months due to heavy financial loss. |
| Second Great Awakening | Was a series of religious revivals from 1800 to the 1840's. Charles Grandison Finney and Peter Cartwright were important preachers during this time. The #1 cause for the reforms of the Antebellum era. |
| Deism | Religious view of many of the Founding Fathers during the Enlightenment. God is a creator (like a clockmaker) but the universe operates according to natural laws. |
| Unitarianism | See the Holy Trinity as one (the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit) |
| Burned- Over District | An area in upper New York State that spawned new religious groups like the Mormons and Millerites; experienced a great deal of social and economic change that was unsettling to many. |
| Mormons/Church of Later-Day Saints | Joseph Smith established the Church of Latter Day Saints. They faced persecution by mainstream Protestants, and were forced to migrate to Illinois, where he was attacked and killed by an angry mob. Brigham Young led the Mormons to Utah to escape this persecution. Their religion was very controversial, because of their practice of polygamy. |
| Perfectionism | In the mid 19th-century American was considered the age of perfectionism. People believed that moral, social, or political perfection was obtainable |
| penitentiaries | Penitentiaries were correctional facilities that reformed an individual. They were once deemed prisons, but their name changed to reflect the nation's new attitude. |
| American Temperance Society/Washington | The American Temperance Society promoted temperance and was established on February 13, 1846. The society benefitted from and contributed to a reform sentiment where abolition of slavery, expanded women's rights, and temperance was promoted. |
| Oberlin College | the first American institution of higher learning to regularly admit female and black students, opened in 1835, first co-ed college, provided courses similar to men's colleges. |
| lyceums | traveling lectures and debates on a wide variety of topics, popular in the North, ex. Ralph Waldo Emerson |
| Seneca Falls Convention (1848)/Declaration of Sentiments | an early and influential women's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, July 19–20, 1848. It was organized by local New York women upon the occasion of a visit by Boston-based Lucretia Mott, demanded married women be freed from unjust laws granting husbands control of her property, demanded suffrage |
| utopian communities | a series of communal societies that arose in the antebellum period, only a small percentage of Americans were involved, demonstrated the reach for perfection of the time, especially attractive after the Panic of 1837 |
| Shakers | first major communal movement, known for the violent shaking and jerking of their bodies during worship, founded by Mother Ann Lee in 1774, prepared for the second coming of Christ, dedicated to sexual equality and celibacy, ultimately created about 20 communities, some communities actually lasted into the twentieth century |
| New Harmony, Indiana | founded by Robert Owen in 1825, communal ownership of land, survived only three years |
| Brook Farm, Massachusetts | founded by George Ripley in 1841, emphasized sharing, influenced by Transcendentalism, folded in 1846 after fire devastated community |
| Oneida Community, New York | founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848, "complex marriages", produced excellent silverware which it is still known for |
| Hudson River School | Group of artists that idealized the natural beauty of American landscape which included artists Thomas Cole, George Caitlin, Frederick Edwin Church, and Asher Durand. Example of Romanticism. |
| daguerreotypes | Early photographs which were popular among the common folk because they were cheap and easier to produce than portraits. Subject had to pose for a long time, so no candid shots. |
| Romanticism | Emphasized emotions rather than reason which is the opposite of deism and the Enlightenment. |
| Knickerbockers | Group of writers in New York that was based on romanticism which included authors Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and William Cullen Bryant. |
| Transcendentalism | Believed that truth is more important than the senses, and also placed a great emphasis on the "Oversoul" (God). Had a strong emphasis on the beauty of nature, and opposed materialism. Examples: Emerson and Thoreau. |
