| A | B |
|---|
| The Market Revolution | The U.S. economy, especially in the interior, evolves away from a subsistence economy to a more commercial economy with internal improvements, tariffs, banks, and sudden economic downturns scaring many |
| America attracting large numbers of immigrants, a high birth rate, and relatively healthy living conditions | Rapid population growth |
| Industrialization, immigration, and more attractions offered than rural living | The growth of American cities |
| The Potato Famine | Influx of dirt-poor Irish immigrants into U.S. cities |
| Fears of Catholicism, dirty poor people, and jobs being taken away | Rise of nativism such as the emergence of the Native American Association and the Know Nothing Party |
| The Germans coming with more means than the Irish | German farming communities in the Midwest while the Irish clustered in slums of Eastern cities |
| The Market Revolution, urbanization, and industrialization's impact on women and the family | Women and men's sphere were separated and family size decreased |
| Emergence of the Factory System | Consolidated production under one roof, ending of the "putting-out system", the decline of artisans, and a more definite division of labor |
| Samuel Slater's visit to England | The American Factory System that copied England's |
| Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin | Improved production of cotton by separating the seeds from the boll, and opening cotton production (and slavery) into new areas |
| Eli Whitney's idea of interchangeable parts | Revolutionized industrial production by increasing efficiency through standard parts |
| Favorable government policy, a people who tinker to find practical solutions, and an increasing educated population | Explosion in the number of patents before the Civil War |
| The need for workers to combat long hours, dangerous working conditions, low pay | The rise of labor unions and strikes |
| Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) | Established a precedent upholding the legality of labor unions |
| Employers searching for cheap, nontroublesome workforce | The primary use of women, children, and immigrants in antebellum factories |
| The desire of profit trumping idealistic working conditions | The decline of the Lowell factory system to remedy the evils of English industrialization |
| The Transportation Revolution | Increasing the area of a business' market, bringing the Market Revolution into the countryside, regional economic specialization |
| Robert Fulton's invention of the steamboat | River traffic increased and river cities increased in importance |
| The Erie Canal | Connected New York with markets in the Great Lakes |
| Railroads being hurt | Deceived the importance of canals and transportation routes could be direct and reliable |
| The invention of the telegraph by Samuel F.B. Morse | Improved the speed of communication to where for the first time communication could travel faster than one could physically travel |
| John Deere's invention of the steel plow and Cyrus McCormick's mechanical reaper | Agricultural becomes more efficient and more people are freed from producing food |
