| A | B |
|---|
| The federal government ignoring the race problem and even general acceptance | The South is able to pass Jim Crow laws unmolested and Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) |
| Violence, intimidation, grandfather clauses, poll taxes, literacy tests, understanding clauses, white primaries | The number of registered African-American voters in the South was very low and virtually nil in many Black Belt counties |
| The Great Migration of African-Americans out of the South to northern cities and California | Race riots and the beginning of the Democratic Party deciding to court the black |
| World War II's impact on civil rights | Calls for a Double Victory and realization of hypocrisy of fighting racist Germany and Japan but racism was still prevalent at home |
| The Cold War's impact on civil rights | The United States' racial problems were used by the Soviet Union as propaganda |
| Truman's commitment to civil rights, "To Secure These Rights", and desegregation of the armed forces | Defection of Southern Democrats from the Democratic party and the rise of the Dixiecrats led by Strom Thurmond in the Election of 1948 |
| The NAACP Legal Defense Team and Thurgood Marshall's strategy to use the Supreme Court to end Jim Crow | Successful attempts to end segregation in higher education (ex: the Sweatt and McLaurin Cases) before the landmark Brown decision |
| The Brooklyn Dodgers looking to integrate their baseball team | Jackie Robinson breaks Major League Baseball's color barrier in 1947 |
| Eisenhower's appointment of Earl Warren as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1953 | A much more liberal and activist Supreme Court, especially in the field of civil rights, from 1953 to 1969 |
| Kenneth Clark's "Give Me the Colored Doll" Experiment | Supplemented the legal argument against Jim Crow with a psychological/sociological argument |
| Brown v. Board of Education (1954) | A landmark civil rights case that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) but established no time table for integration |
| Brown II (1955) | Established a very vague time table for integration "with all deliberate speed" |
| The South's reaction to Brown v. Board of Education | The Southern Manifest, White Citizens' Councils, and massive resistance |
| The Emmitt Till Case | The nation realized how easily an African-American could be lynched in Mississippi and the perpetrators were not brought to justice |
| Rosa Parks' refusal to go to the colored section of the bus | The Montgomery Bus Boycott |
| The Montgomery Bus Boycott | The desegregation of the of the city's bus system and Martin Luther King Jr. was thrust into the national spotlight |
| The writings of Henry David Thoreau, Gandhi's actions, and sit-ins by unions | Provided the examples that nonviolent protest could be successfully employed by the Civil Rights Movement |
| Governor Orval Faubus sending the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the court-ordered integration of Central High | President Eisenhower deployed the 101st Airborne to protect and ensure the integration of the "Little Rock Nine" |
| Segregation of Woolworth's dining counters | Four students from North Carolina A&T initiated the Greensboro sit-ins |
| The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) wanting to test a court-ordered integration of interstate busing | The Freedom Rides |
| The impact of television on the civil rights movement | The entire nation could witness the racism and violence in the South greatly helping the Civil Rights Movement |
| The Deep South's resistance to integration of its flagship universities | JFK sent federal troops endure the integration of Ole Miss and the University of Alabama |
| The March on Washington | Demonstrated to the nation how large the civil rights movement had become and King's "I Have a Dream" Speech solidified him as an icon of the movement |
| A narrow victory in the 1960 Election and strong opposition from Southern Democrats | JFK has a limited success in civil rights |
| The Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Did what Brown did not- rapidly integrated the South |
| Freedom Summer of 1964 | The deaths of 3 civil rights workers in Neshoba County, Mississippi trying to register black voters |
| Freedom Summer, Selma, and television | Passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
| The Voting Rights Act of 1965 | Radically changed the South by dramatically increasing the number of black voters over a very short period of time |
| Growing divisions between nonviolent and black power advocates | The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) |
| Deteriorating economic conditions in inner cities and "Long Hot Summers" | Race riots in places like Watts |
| Rise of the Black Power Movement | Emphasis on black separatism and uniqueness such as Afro haircuts, African studies programs, and the Black Panthers |
