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Cause-Effect: The Civil Rights Movement

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The federal government ignoring the race problem and even general acceptanceThe South is able to pass Jim Crow laws unmolested and Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Violence, intimidation, grandfather clauses, poll taxes, literacy tests, understanding clauses, white primariesThe number of registered African-American voters in the South was very low and virtually nil in many Black Belt counties
The Great Migration of African-Americans out of the South to northern cities and CaliforniaRace riots and the beginning of the Democratic Party deciding to court the black
World War II's impact on civil rightsCalls for a Double Victory and realization of hypocrisy of fighting racist Germany and Japan but racism was still prevalent at home
The Cold War's impact on civil rightsThe United States' racial problems were used by the Soviet Union as propaganda
Truman's commitment to civil rights, "To Secure These Rights", and desegregation of the armed forcesDefection of Southern Democrats from the Democratic party and the rise of the Dixiecrats led by Strom Thurmond in the Election of 1948
The NAACP Legal Defense Team and Thurgood Marshall's strategy to use the Supreme Court to end Jim CrowSuccessful attempts to end segregation in higher education (ex: the Sweatt and McLaurin Cases) before the landmark Brown decision
The Brooklyn Dodgers looking to integrate their baseball teamJackie Robinson breaks Major League Baseball's color barrier in 1947
Eisenhower's appointment of Earl Warren as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1953A much more liberal and activist Supreme Court, especially in the field of civil rights, from 1953 to 1969
Kenneth Clark's "Give Me the Colored Doll" ExperimentSupplemented the legal argument against Jim Crow with a psychological/sociological argument
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)A landmark civil rights case that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) but established no time table for integration
Brown II (1955)Established a very vague time table for integration "with all deliberate speed"
The South's reaction to Brown v. Board of EducationThe Southern Manifest, White Citizens' Councils, and massive resistance
The Emmitt Till CaseThe nation realized how easily an African-American could be lynched in Mississippi and the perpetrators were not brought to justice
Rosa Parks' refusal to go to the colored section of the busThe Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus BoycottThe desegregation of the of the city's bus system and Martin Luther King Jr. was thrust into the national spotlight
The writings of Henry David Thoreau, Gandhi's actions, and sit-ins by unionsProvided the examples that nonviolent protest could be successfully employed by the Civil Rights Movement
Governor Orval Faubus sending the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the court-ordered integration of Central HighPresident Eisenhower deployed the 101st Airborne to protect and ensure the integration of the "Little Rock Nine"
Segregation of Woolworth's dining countersFour students from North Carolina A&T initiated the Greensboro sit-ins
The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) wanting to test a court-ordered integration of interstate busingThe Freedom Rides
The impact of television on the civil rights movementThe entire nation could witness the racism and violence in the South greatly helping the Civil Rights Movement
The Deep South's resistance to integration of its flagship universitiesJFK sent federal troops endure the integration of Ole Miss and the University of Alabama
The March on WashingtonDemonstrated to the nation how large the civil rights movement had become and King's "I Have a Dream" Speech solidified him as an icon of the movement
A narrow victory in the 1960 Election and strong opposition from Southern DemocratsJFK has a limited success in civil rights
The Civil Rights Act of 1964Did what Brown did not- rapidly integrated the South
Freedom Summer of 1964The deaths of 3 civil rights workers in Neshoba County, Mississippi trying to register black voters
Freedom Summer, Selma, and televisionPassage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965
The Voting Rights Act of 1965Radically changed the South by dramatically increasing the number of black voters over a very short period of time
Growing divisions between nonviolent and black power advocatesThe Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Deteriorating economic conditions in inner cities and "Long Hot Summers"Race riots in places like Watts
Rise of the Black Power MovementEmphasis on black separatism and uniqueness such as Afro haircuts, African studies programs, and the Black Panthers


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