| A | B |
|---|
| Christopher Columbus | Italian explorer hired by the Spanish Empire to find a new route to spices from India. |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | Signed in 1494 by Spain and Portugal, this treaty divided the Western Hemisphere between the two empires. |
| Columbian Exchange | The global transfer of living things. This term refers to the exchange of goods, people, ideas, crops, animals, and diseases between the New World and Europe. |
| Hernando Cortes | Spanish explorer who conquered the Aztex Empire. |
| Montezuma | Aztec emperor who mistakenly believed that Hernando Cortes was a god. |
| mestizo | Term given to describe the new population that was created when Spaniards had children with Native Americans. |
| encomienda | Forced labor system instituted by the Spanish where by natives of the new world farmed, ranched, and mined for Spanish landlords. |
| New Spain | Term given to Spanish landholdings in the the New World that included lands in North, Central, and South America. |
| Pope's Rebellion | Pueblo leader, Pope, rebelled against the Spanish in New Mexico and kept the Spanish out for 12 years. |
| Jamestown | First permanent English settlement in the New World. Named after James I. |
| joint stock company | Where investors pooled their wealth in support of colony that they hoped would yield a quick profit. |
| Indentured Servant | A peasant or beggar from England who agreed to work 4 to 7 years in Jamestown in return of having their passage paid across the Atlantic. |
| Puritans | Religious group in England who wanted to "purify" the Church of England because they felt it had too many Catholic rituals. |
| Separatists | Puritans who left England because they felt they had no choice because of persecution. They came to the new world on the Mayflower. |
| John Winthrop | Puritan leader of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. |
| Roger Williams | Founded the Providence colony after disagreeing with Puritan leaders in Massachusetts. |
| Anne Hutchinson | Banished from Puritan Massachusetts Bay for disagreeing with Puritan church leaders. |
| King Philip's War | Wampanoag native Americans fight with the Puritans during this event. |
| William Penn | Dutchman who founded Pennsyvania for Quakers. |
| Quakers | Protestant religious sect that viewed natives as equals, dressed plainly, refused to serve in the military. |
