| A | B |
|---|
| emotional regulation | The ability to control when and how emotions are expressed. |
| initiative versus guilt | Erikson's third psychosocial crisis, in which children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them. |
| self-esteem | A person's evaluation of his or her own worth, either in specifics (e.g., intelligence, attractiveness) or in general. |
| self-concept | A person's understanding of who he or she is, incorporating self-esteem, physical apparance, personality, and various personal traits, such as gender and size. |
| intrinsic motivation | A drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that comes from inside a person, such as the need to feel smart or competent. |
| extrinsic motivation | A drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that arises from the need to have one's achievements rewarded from outside, perhaps by receiving material possessions or another person's esteem. |
| psychopathology | An illness or disorder of the mind. |
| externalizing problems | Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves expressing powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, as by lashing out at other people or breaking things. |
| Internalizing problems | Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves turning one's emotional distress inward, as by feeling excessively guilty, ashamed, or worthless. |
| sociodramatic play | Pretend play in which children act out various roles and themes in stories that they create. |
| authoritarian parenting | An approach to child rearing that is characterized by high behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication. |
| permissive parenting | An approach to child rearing that is characterized by high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control. |
| authoritative parenting | An approach to child rearing in which the parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children. |
| neglectful/uninvolved parenting | An approach to child rearing in which the parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children's lives. |
| rough-and-tumble play | Play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting, but in which there is no intent to harm. |
| empathy | The ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person, especially when they differ from one's own. |
| antipathy | Feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person. |
| prosocial behavior | Actions that are helpful and kind but that are of no obvious benefit to the person doing them. |
| antisocial behavior | Actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person. |
| instrumental agression | Hurtful behavior that is intended to get something that another person has and to keep it. |
| reactive aggression | An impulsive retaliation for another person's intention or accidental action, verbal or physical. |
| retaliational aggression | Nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people. |
| bullying aggression | Unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves. |
| psychological control | A disciplinary technique that involves threatening to withdraw love and support and that relies on a child's feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents. |
| time-out | A disciplinary technique in which a child is separated from other people and activities for a specified time. |
| sex differences | Biological differences between males and females, in organs, hormones, and body shape. |
| gender differences | Differences in the roles and behaviors that are prescribed by a culture for males and females. |
| phallic stage | Freud's third stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure. |
| oedipus complex | The unconscious desire of young boys to replace their fathers and win their mothers' exclusive love. |
| superego | In psychoanalytic theory, the judgmental part of the personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents. |
| Electra complex | The unconscious desire of girls to replace their mothers and win their fathers' exclusive love. |
| identification | An attempt to defend one's self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else. |
| gender schema | A child's cognitive concept or general belief about sex differences, which is based on his or her observations and experiences. |
| androgyny | A balance within one person of traditionally masculine and feminine psychological characteristics. |
