| A | B |
|---|
| electroencephalograph | a machine that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp |
| biofeedback | information about internal bodily changes that would normally be imperceptible |
| alpha waves | specific pattern of brain waves |
| amplitude | height |
| frequency | cycles per second |
| biological rhythms | periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning |
| circadian rhythms | 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species |
| suprachiasmatic nucleus | sends signals to the nearby pineal gland, whose secretion of the hormone melatonin plays a key role in adjusting biological clock |
| electromyography | records muscular activity and tension |
| electrooculograph | records eye movements |
| slow wave sleep | sleep stages 3 and 4 during which high-amplitude, low frequency delta waves become prominent in EEG recordings |
| hypnic jerks | brief muscular contractions that occur as people fall asleep |
| sleep spindles | brief bursts of higher frequency brain waves |
| REM sleep | relatively deep sleep stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movement, high frequency, low amplitude brain waves, and vivid dreaming |
| Non-REM sleep | sleep stages 1-4 which are marked by an absence of REM, relatively little dreaming, and varied EEG activity |
| co-sleeping | practice of children and parents sleeping together |
| ARAS | consists of afferent fibers running through the reticular formation that influence physiological arousal (ascending reticular activating system) |
| selective deprivation | partial sleep deprivation |
| insomnia | chronic problems in getting adequate sleep |
| pseudoinsomnia | (sleep state misperception) when people just think they get less sleep than need |
| narcolepsy | disease marked by sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during waking periods |
| sleep apnea | frequent, reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep |
| nightmares | anxiety-arousing dreams that lead to awakening, usually from REM sleep |
| night terrors | abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense autonomic arousal and feelings of panic |
| somnambulism | (sleepwalking) occurs when a person arises and wanders about while asleep |
| activation-synthesis model | proposes that dreams are side effects of neural activation that produces “wide awake” brain waves during REM sleep |
| hypnosis | a systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggest |
| hypnotic susceptibility | how well people respond to hypnosis |
| hypnotic trance | special, altered state of consciousness |
| meditation | a family of practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control |
| dissociation | splitting off of mental processes into two separate, simultaneous streams of awareness |
| highway hypnosis | the ability to drive and yet not think about driving |
| psychoactive drugs | chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning |
| narcotics | drugs derived from opium that are capable of relieving pain (opiates) |
| sedatives | sleep-inducing drugs that tend to decrease central nervous system activation and behavioral activity |
| barbiturates | compounds derived from barbituric acid (most widely abused sedative) |
| stimulants | drugs that tend to increase central nervous system activation and behavioral activity |
| free-basing | chemical treatment used to extract nearly pure cocaine from ordinary street coke |
| hallucinogens | diverse group of drugs that have powerful effects on mental and emotional functioning, marked most prominently by distortions in sensory perceptual experience |
| cannabis | the hemp plant from which marijuana, hashish, and THC are derived |
| tolerance | progressive disease in a person’s responsiveness to a drug |
| anandamide | activate receptors in the brain for THC |
| mesolimbic dopamine pathway | neural circuit which runs from midbrain, through part of the limbic system, and on to the prefrontal cortex (AKA “reward pathway”) |
| physical dependence | when a person must continue to take a drug to avoid withdrawal illness |
| psyche dependence | when a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional craving for the drug |
| stream of consciousness | the continuing flow of thoughts |
| manifest content | consists of plot of dream at surface level |
| latent content | hidden or disguised meaning of events in a plot |
| lucid dreams | people can think clearly about the circumstances of waking life and the fact that they are dreaming, yet remain asleep in the midst of vivid dream |
