| A | B |
|---|
| fief | a piece of land granted by a lord to his vassal in exchange for military service & loyalty |
| manor | an estate owned by a lord & which included one or more village |
| feudalism | political system of exchanging land in return for military service |
| tithe | the Church tax; 10% of one's income |
| vassal | a noble who was given land in exchange for military service |
| guild | an organization of craftsmen or merchants |
| chivalry | code of conduct for knights; also governed relations between noble men and women |
| serf | a peasant who worked on a manor & was "bound to the land" [Could not leave without the lord's permission] |
| Pope | head of the Roman Catholic Church |
| monk | dedicated his life to serving God at a monastery |
| troubadour | wandering poet & musician |
| vernacular | common language of the people, used in priest's sermon |
| Latin | language used in Church during mass, EXCEPT for the priest's sermon which was in the vernacular |
| heretic | person who disagreed with the Church or believed differently |
| homage & fealty | the loyalty owed by a vassal to his Lord or king |
| Roman Catholic | religion which everyone belonged to during the Middle Ages |
| Powers of the Pope | controlled the Church; represented God's infallible word on earth; could excommunicate enemies |
| excommunication | getting kicked out of the Church & refused the sacraments as a punishment for disobeying Church laws |
| How Monks spent their days | in prayer and meditation, copying and illistrating books, work |
| Contributions of the Monks & nuns in monasteries | preserved learning by copying & illustrating books; schools for nobles' sons; hospitals; shelters for poor, orphans & travellers |
| Difference between a serf & a freedman | serfs were tied to the land, but freedmen could move and travel |
| The fuedal system grew from the need for | food & protection |
| serfs & freedman | made up most of the population of the Middle Ages |
| Three Estates | Three social classes: Church clergy, nobles, peasants |
| Franks | Germanic group that conquered & settled in the former Roman province of Gaul [France] |
| New Agricultural Techniques | iron plow, horse harness, windmill, 3-field system |
| Results of new agricultural technologies | increased food production and population |
| Illuminated Manuscripts | books copied & illustrated by hand by monks in monasteries |
| Why were there few books in the Middle Ages? | there were only a few copied by hand & most people could not read |
| Crusades | expeditions to recapture the Holy Land away from the Muslims |
| Results of the Crusades | a military failure, but an economic success |
| Crusades as a military failure | European knights did NOT gain back the Holy Land; the last of the 4 Crusades based on greed were fought against fellow Christians in the Byzantine Empire |
| Crusades as an economic success | increased trade, travel, the use of money, new business practices & opened Europeans to new products, ideas & inventions of Asia |
| Chalemagne ["Charles the Great"] | Frankish king, united Western Europe in 800; worked closely with Church to spread Christianity, revived Latin learning, crowned emperor of the Romans by the Pope |
| Middle Ages | began after the fall of Rome [476 AD]; lasted for a 1,000 years until about 1500 |
| sacrament | one of the seven sacred rituals of the Catholic Church needed for salvation [getting to Heaven]; includes baptism, communion, marriage, ordination of priests |
| Roles of the Catholic Church | provided salvation [Heaven] through the 7 sacraments; center of social activities; monks in monasteries preserved learning and cared for the poor & sick; Church laws created order when there was no government |
| Reasons for going on a Crusade | Religious [to help Christianity, to get forgiveness for sins]; adventure, wealth, land; gain freedom from serfdom |
| Interdict | Power of the Pope to excommunicate an entire country or town |
| Roman Catholic Church | the most powerful institution during the Middle Ages |
| Roles of craft & merchant guilds | regulated wages, prices, work hours & quality of work; ran the towns [laws, taxes]; provided social services [schools, hospitals] to members |
| apprentice | young boy who is learning the craft or trade from a guild master |
| How did guilds limit membership? | everyone in the guild did the same craft, had to become an apprentice & journeyman first, then be approved by the guild |
