| A | B |
|---|
| Albrecht Durer | German Northern Renaissance artist who painted self portraits and did Christian themed engravings |
| Peter Bruegel the Elder | Northern Renaissance painter known for painting scenes of everyday life of peasants |
| Christian Humanism | northern European movement that synthesized Greek/Roman culture with Biblical values |
| Erasmus | Dutch Christian Humanist author of Praise of Folly, critic of Catholic Church |
| serfdom | institution that bound peasants to land on which they lived, allowed nobles to control peasants |
| 1453 | year Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople, ending Byzantine Empire and sparking Renaissance when Greek scholars fled to Italy |
| 1492 | Columbus' first voyage, expulsion of Jews from Spain, end of Reconquista |
| Renaissance | cultural, artistic, and literary movement that began in Italian Renaissance, centered on revival of Greek and Roman culture |
| humanism | literary and educational movement inspired by Greco-Roman culture in Renaissance |
| classicism | Renaissance value of Greco-Roman culture |
| Medici Family | merchant/banking family that ruled Florence during Renaissance, patrons of art and humanism |
| Florence | Italian city-state that was birthplace of Renaissance |
| Raphael | School of Athens |
| Castiglione | author of The Courtier, book on Renaissance court manners |
| Machiavelli | author of The Prince |
| Michelangelo | sculpted marble David, the Pieta, painted ceiling of Sistine Chapel, designed St. Peter's Dome |
| Petrarch | early Renaissance writer, "father of humanism", wrote sonnets |
| lateen sail and sternpost rudder | triangular sails and steering device that helped Europeans guide ships across Atlantic Ocean |
| Henry VII | founder of Tudor dynasty in England, Renaissance monarch |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | marriage unified Spain, patronized Columbus, completed Reconquista, used Inquisition to target Muslims and Jews in Spain |
| Louis XI of France | king of France during Renaissance |
| compass and astrolabe | navigational aids that allowed European explorers to navigate over large oceans |
| Northern Humanism | Christian humanism of France, England, Netherlands, German states |
| feudalism | medieval political system based on relationship between nobles and king |
| Black Death | 1347-51 outbreak of plague that killed half of Europe |
| Price Revolution | term used to describe the increased use of money and the inflation caused by the massive amounts of silver brought to Europe from Spain's colonies |
| mercantilism | economic theory held by many European countries that focused on gaining colonies and controlling trade through tariffs to gain as much gold as possible |
| Magellan | Explorer who circumnavigated the world for Spain |
| Colombian Exchange | trade of crops and diseases that occured due to voyages of Exploration and Discovery |
| Christopher Columbus | sailed west for Spain, led to creation of Spanish American empire |
| Hernan Cortes | conquistador who conquered Aztecs for Spain |
| Francisco Pizarro | conquered Inca for Spain |
| joint stock companies | businesses in Netherlands and England that pooled investors' money together to share the risk of setting up colonies, led to stock exchanges |
| Commercial Revolution | term used to describe the development of new banking and investment practices that spurred the growth of overseas trade from Europe: Dutch East India Company, English East India Company, Bank of Amsterdam |
| guilds | Union of craftsmen in common trade |
