| A | B |
|---|
| memory | the mental functions and processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved |
| episodic memory | memory of specific experienced events |
| semantic memory | memory of general knowledge and information |
| explicit memory | memory of specific information |
| implicit memory | memory of which you are not consciously aware; generally includes skills and procedures one has learned |
| encoding | the translation of information into a form that can be stored in memory |
| storage | the maintenance of encoded information over time |
| maintenance rehearsal | the repetition of new information in an attempt to remember it |
| elaborative rehearsal | methods for remembering new information by creating meaningful links to information already known |
| retrieval | the process of recalling information from memory storage |
| context-dependent memories | information that is more easily retrieved in the context or situation in which it was encoded and stored |
| state-dependent memories | information that is more easily retrieved when one is in the same physiological or emotional state as when the memory was originally encoded or learned |
| sensory memory | the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system |
| iconic memory | the sensory register that briefly holds mental images of visual stimuli |
| eidetic imagery | the maintenance of a very detailed visual memory over long periods of time |
| echoic memory | the sensory register that briefly holds traces of aural stimuli |
| short-term memory | also called working memory, memory that holds information briefly before it is either stored in long-term memory or forgotten |
| primacy effect | (1) the tendency to recall the initial item or items in a series; (2) the tendency to form opinions of others based on first impressions |
| recency effect | (1) the tendency to recall the last item in a series; (2) the tendency for people to change their opinions of others based on recent interactions |
| chunking | the mental process of organizing information into meaningful units, or 'chunks' |
| interference | the process that occurs when new information in short-term memory pushes or crowds out and replaces what was already there |
| long-term memory | the type or stage of memory capable of large and relatively permanent storage |
| schema | an idea or mental framework that helps one organize and interpret information |
| recognition | a memory process in which one identifies objects or events that have previously been encountered |
| recall | nonimmediate retrieval of learned information |
| relearning | learning something a second time, usually in less time than it was originally learned |
| decay | disintegration; in psychology, the fading away of memory over time |
| retrograde amnesia | the failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma |
| anterograde amnesia | the inability to form new memories because of brain trauma |
| infantile amnesia | the inability to remember events that occurred during one's early years (before age three) |
