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AP Psychology Ch.16 Social

Social Psychology

AB
social psychologythe scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
attribution theorythe theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition
fundamental attribution errorthe tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
attitudefeelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
central route to persuasionoccurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
peripheral route to persuasionoccurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness
foot-in-the-door phenomenonthe tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
rolea set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
cognitive dissonance theorythe theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
conformityadjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
normative social influenceinfluence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
informational social influenceinfluence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality
social facilitationstronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
social loafingthe tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
deindividuationthe loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
group polarizationthe enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
groupthinkthe mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
prejudicean unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
stereotypea generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
discriminationunjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
ingroup“Us”—people with whom we share a common identity
outgroup“Them”—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
ingroup biasthe tendency to favor our own group
scapegoat theorythe theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
other-race effectthe tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias
just-world phenomenonthe tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
aggressionphysical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
frustration-aggression principlethe principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression
mere exposure effectthe phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
passionate lovean aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
companionate lovethe deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
equitya condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
self-disclosurerevealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
altruismunselfish regard for the welfare of others
bystander effectthe tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
social exchange theorythe theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
reciprocity norman expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
social-responsibility norman expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
conflicta perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
social trapa situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
mirror-image perceptionsmutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
superordinate goalsshared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
GRITGraduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions


French & Psychology teacher

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