| A | B |
|---|
| groups of cells working together to perform a particular function | tissue |
| groups of tissues working together to perform a particular function | organ |
| the smallest functional unit in a human being | cell |
| smallest functional unit of muscular system | sarcomere |
| smallest functional unit of nervous system | neuron |
| smallest functional unit of skeletal system | osteocyte |
| smallest functional unit of urinary system | nephron |
| smallest functional unit of reproductive system | gamete |
| the three types of blood cells | erythrocyte, leukocyte, thrombocyte |
| red blood cell | erythrocyte |
| white blood cell | leukocyte |
| platelet | thrombocyte |
| Main types of tissue classification | epithelium, nervous, muscular, connective |
| types of muscle tissue | cardiac, smooth, skeletal |
| involuntary muscle tissue | cardiac & smooth |
| striated muscle tissue | cardiac & skeletal |
| type of tissue lining tubes that open to the outside or spaces exposed to the outside | epithelium |
| type of tissue that has excitibility, contractility & provides warmth & movement | muscular |
| type of tissue that communicates and controls all other body sytems | nervous |
| type of tissue that you would find covering, wrapping and in fluid states | connective |
| parts of a cell | cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm |
| parts of a neuron | dendrite, cell body, axon |
| space between neurons | synapse |
| organelle responsible for energy production | mitochondria |
| organelle responsible for cleaning up debris | lysosome |
| organelle responsible for housing DNA and is the brain of the cell | nucleus |
| organelle responsible for protein synthesis | ribosome |
| organelle responsible for transporting proteins or fats | endoplasmic reticulum |
| the fluid that organelles float around in | cytosol; cytoplasm |
| layers of the skin from outside in | epidermis, dermis, hypodermis |
| order of cellular division | IPMAT (interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| order of erector spinae from medial to lateral | spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis |
| glands that secrete oil | sebaceous |
| glands that secrete sweat | sudoriferous |
| pigment in the skin | melanin |
| hard waterproofing protein in skin, nails and hair | keratin |
| protein responsible for strength & is white | collagen |
| protein responsible for stretchiness, yellow | elastin |
| net-like supportive protein fibers; colorless | reticular |
| tissue that is most abundant | connective; fascia specifically |
| muscle responsible for goose bumps | arrector pili |
| involuntary muscle contractions desgined to create heat | shivering |
| tissue that insulates, protects & provides long-term energy storage | adipose; fat |
| sarcomeres have one of each of these fibers | actin & myosin |
| enlarged muscle diameter from overuse | hypertrophy |
| decreased muscle mass from disuse | atrophy |
| contraction that allows no change in length of a muscle | isometric |
| contraction that increases the length of a muscle | concentric (isotonic) |
| contraction that decreases the muscle length | eccentric (isotonic) |
| neurotransmitter that stimulates a muscle to contract | acetylcholine |
| muscle end that moves the least | origin |
| afferent nerves send their information here | CNS (brain & spinal cord) |
| efferent nerves send their information here | effectors (muscles, glands, organs) |
| fatty insulator that protects neurons and speeds up conduction | myelin sheath (made from Schwann's cells) |
| space between myelin sheath where nervous impulse 'jumps' | node of Ranvier |
| ANS activated by massage | parasympathetic |
| ANS activated by stress | sympathetic |
| main portions of the brain | cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, diencephalon |
| lobes of the cerebrum | frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal |
| meninges from inside out | pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater |
| chemical messengers sent from the endocrine system | hormones |
| chemical messengers sent from the nervous system | neurotransmitters |
| fight or flight hormones | epinephrine |
| which organ dysfunction relates to diabetes | pancreas |
| which organ dysfunction relates to cystitis | bladder |
| which organ dysfunction relates to Parkinson's disease | basal ganglia in brain |
| which organ dysfunction relates to glaucoma | eyes |
| which organ dysfunction relates to hepatitis | liver |
| which organ dysfunction relates to constipation | large intestine |
| which organ dysfunction relates to squamous cell carcinoma | integument; skin |
| what do red blood cells transport | oxygen to body; carbon dioxide to lungs for exhalation |
| which vessels exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide | capillaries |
| where does digestion begin | mouth |
| which membrane lines thoracic cavity | parietal pleura |
| which membrane lines abdominal cavity | parietal peritoneum |
| most of the body's fluid exchange occurs from which process | diffusion |
| special diffusion in kidneys | filtration |
| largest lymph organ | spleen |
| build up of lymphatic fluid | edema |
| organ responsible for producing bile | liver |
| where bone growth occurs | epiphyseal plate/line |
| outer connective tissue covering of a bone | periosteum |
| type of bone tissue of diaphysis | compact bone tissue; diaphysis is the shaft |
| type of bone tissue of epiphysis | spongy/cancellous bone tissue; epiphysis is ends of bone |
| covering of ends of bones articulating with another bone | articular cartilage; hyaline cartilage to be exact |
| smallest functional unit of lymphatic system | lymphocyte |
| main muscle of breathing | diaphragm |
| nerve that innervates the diaphragm | phrenic nerve |
| voice box | larynx |
| throat | pharynx |
| windpipe | trachea |
| Adam's apple | thyroid cartilage |
| order of small intestine | duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| order of large intestine | ascending, transverse, descending |
| receptors that tell us where we are in space | proprioceptors |
| receptors that say 'pain!' | nociceptors |
| receptors that prevent muscle tears by preventing overstretching | muscle spindles |
| receptors that respond to tension at the tendon | Golgi tendon organ/apparatus |
| our body's internal balance system; negative feedback loop | homeostasis |
| wavelike contractions that propel substances through the digestive system | peristalsis |
| energy production by means of breaking down molecules and building larger ones | metabolism |
| the breaking done phase of bone remodeling | osteoclastic activity; done by osteoclasts |
| the building up of bone tissue | osteoblastic activity; done by osteoblasts |
| the breaking down of molecules | catabolism |
| the building up of molecules | anabolism |
| the process of red blood cell production | hematopoeisis |
| the tubes leaving the kidneys | ureters |
| the tubes leaving the trachea towards the lungs | bronchi |
| the terminal ends (clusters) of the bronchioles | alveoli |
| type of membrane lining digestive system | mucous |
| type of membrane lining joint cavities | synovial |
| type of membrane lining body cavities | serous |
| type of membrane lining brain and spinal cord | meninges |
| study of function of the body | physiology |
| study of structure of the body | anatomy |
| study of the disorders of the body | pathology |
| study of the tissues of the body | histology |
| study of cells of the body | cytology |
| study of the movement of the body | kinesiology |
| study of drugs and other substances and how they affect the body | pharmacology |
| connective tissue that hardens in response to calcium, phosphate and other cellular salts | bone |
| connective tissue that contains hemoglobin | blood |
| connective tissue that 'cleans' the blood and provides immunity | lymph |
| this gland requires iodine to function properly | thyroid |
| this gland shrinks in size as an adult since most of immunity has been 'gathered' | thymus |
| this gland produces insulin & glycogen and also functions as an organ | pancreas |
| this gland helps us regulate sleep/wake cycles | pineal |
| this gland sits on our kidneys | adrenal |
| the plasma membrane of a sarcomere | sarcolemma |
| the plasma membrane of a neuron | neurolemma |
| non-transmitting neurons | neuroglia |
| our body's communication system | nervous |
| our body's structural system | skeletal |
| our body's heat generator and movement system | muscular |
| our body's waste & excess fluid eliminator | urinary |
| our body's assimilation & utilization system | digestive |
| our body's protection & barrier system | integumentary; skin |
| our body's regulating system | endocrine |
| our body's continuation of our species system | reproductive |
| our body's crucial oxygen exhanger | respiratory |
| in paralysis, which system is not functioning? | nervous |
| a muscle's main movement producer | agonist |
| a muscle's helper | synergist |
| a muscle's opposer | antagonist |
| a muscle's ropy end | tendon |
| bone to bone connecting tissue | ligament |
| the idea that either the muscle fiber contracts completely or not at all | the 'all or none' response |
| the idea that a nerve responds to a signal completely transmitting it or it does not | the 'all or none' response |
| the idea that a certain level of stimulation is necessary to transmit an impulse | threshold stimulus |
| closing your eyes and still having the ability to know where your face, arms and hands are, are examples of these receptors | proprioceptors |
| muscle spindle cells, golgi tendon organs and nociceptors are all examples of these | proprioceptors |
| having the flu and later resisting it is an example of this type of immunity | acquired active immunity |
| being born with an antibody is an example of this type of immunity | congenital passive immunity |
| a muscle that is too tight | hypertonic |
| a muscle that lacks muscle tone | hypotonic |
| the number of cranial nerves | 12 |
| the number of spinal nerves | 31 |
| glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream | endocrine |
| glands that use ducts or tubes to secrete their hormones | exocrine |
| unprotected body cavity | abdomen |
