| A | B |
|---|
| nose | lined with mucous membrane and fine hairs, acts as filter to moisten and warm the entering air |
| nasal septum | partition separating the right and left nasal cavities |
| paranasal sinuses | air cavities within the cranial bones that open into the nasal cavities |
| pharynx (throat) | serves as a food & air passageway |
| adenoids | lymphoid tissue located behind tha nasal cavity |
| tonsils | lymphoid tissue located behind the mouth |
| larynx | location of the vocal cords |
| epiglottis | flap of cartilage that automatically covers the opening of and keeps food from entering the larynx during swallowing |
| trachea | passageway for air to the bronchi |
| bronchus | one of two branches from the trachea that conducts air into the lungs, where it divides and subdivides |
| bronchioles | smallest subdivision of the bronchial trees |
| alveolus (pl. - alveoli) | air sacs at the end of the bronchioles; oxygen & carbon dioxide are exchanged through the alveolar walls & the capillaries |
| lungs | two sponge-like organs in the thoracic cavity, the right one consists of three lobes; left one has two lobes |
| pleura | serous membrane covering each lung & lining the thoracic cavity |
| diaphragm | muscular partition that separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity; aids in breathing process |
| mediastinum | space between the lungs; contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, great blood vessels & other structures |
| a-, an- | without or absence of |
| endo- | within |
| eu- | normal, good |
| pan- | all, total |
| poly- | many, much |
| tachy- | fast, rapid |
| -algia | pain |
| -ar, -ary, -eal | pertaining to |
| -cele | hernia or protusion |
| -centesis | surgical puncture to aspirate fluid (with a sterile needle) |
| -ectasis | stretching out, dilatation, expansion |
| -emia | blood condition |
| -graphy | process of recording; x-ray imaging |
| -meter | instrument used to measure |
| -metry | measurement |
| -pexy | surgical fixation, suspension |
| -pnea | breathing |
| -rrhagia | rapid flow of blood |
| -scope | instrument used for visual examination |
| -scopic | pertaining to visual examination |
| -scopy | visual examination |
| -spasm | sudden, involuntary muscle contraction (spasmodic contraction) |
| -stenosis | constriction or narrowing |
| -stomy | creation of an artificial opening |
| -thorax | chest |
| -tomy | cut into or incision |
| adenoid/o | adenoids |
| alveol/o | alveolus |
| bronch/i, bronch/o | bronchus |
| diaphragmat/o | diaphragm |
| epiglott/o | epiglottis |
| laryng/o | larynx |
| lob/o | lobe |
| naso/, rhin/o | nose |
| pharyng/o | pharynx |
| pleur/o | pleura |
| pneum/o, pneumat/o, pneumon/o | lung, air |
| pulmon/o | lung |
| sept/o | septum (wall off, fence) |
| sinus/o | sinus |
| thorac/o | thorax (chest) |
| tonsill/o (Note: with two l's) | tonsil (only one l) |
| trache/o | trachea |
| atel/o | imperfect, incomplete |
| capn/o | carbon dioxide |
| hem/o, hemat/o | blood |
| muc/o | mucus |
| orth/o | straight |
| ox/o, ox/i | oxygen |
| phon/o | sound; voice |
| py/o | pus |
| somn/o | sleep |
| spir/o | breath. breathing |
| adenoiditis | inflammation of the adenoids |
| alveolitis | inflammation of the alveolus |
| atelectasis | incomplete expansion (of the lung of a newborn or collapsed lung) |
| bronchiectasis | dilation of the bronchi |
| bronchitis | inflammation of the bronchi |
| bronchogenic carcinoma | cancerous tumor originating in the bronchus |
| bronchopneumonia | diseased state of the bronchi and lungs |
| diaphragmatocele | hernia of the diaphragm |
| epiglottitis | inflammation of the epiglottis |
| hemothorax | blood in the chest (pleural space) |
| laryngitis | inflammation of the larynx |
| laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) | inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchus (acute form is croup) |
| lobar pneumonia | infection of one or more lobes of the lungs |
| nasopharyngitis | inflammation of the nose and pharynx |
| pansinusitis | inflammation of all sinuses |
| pharyngitis | inflammation of the pharynx |
| pleuritis | inflammation of the pleura |
| pneumatocele | hernia of the lung (lung tissue protrudes through an opening in the chest) |
| pneumonoconiosis | abnormal condition of dust in the lungs |
| pneumonia | diseased state of the lung |
| pneumonitis | inflammation of the lung |
| pneumothorax | air in the chest (pleural space), which causes collapse of the lung |
| pulmonary neoplasm | pertaining to a new tumor in the lung |
| pyothorax | pus in the pleura space in the chest |
| rhinitis | inflammation of the mucous membranes in the nose |
| rhinomycosis | abnormal condition of fungus in the nose |
| rhinorrhagia | rapid flow of blood from the nose |
| thoracalgia | pain in the chest |
| tonsillitis | inflammation of the tonsils |
| tracheitis | inflammation of the trachea |
| tracheostenosis | narrowing of the trachea |
| adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) | respiratory failure in an adult as a result of disease or injury; symptoms are dyspnea, rapid breathing and cyanosis |
| asthma | respiratory disease characterized by paroxysms of coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath |
| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | a progressive lung disease that makes breathing difficult; Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and possibly chronic asthmatic bronchitis are components |
| coccidiomycosis | fungal disease affecting the lungs and sometimes other organs of the body |
| cor pulmonale | serious cardiac disease associated with chronic lung disorders, such as emphysema |
| croup | condition resulting from acute obstruction of the larynx, characterized by a barking cough, hoarseness, and stridor; occuring mainly in children |
| cystic fibrosis (CF) | hereditary disorder of the endocrine glands characterized by excess mucus production in the respiratory tract, pancreatic deficiency, and other symptoms |
| deviated septum | one part of the nasal cavity is smaller because of malformation or injury |
| emphysema | stretching of lung tissue caused by the alveoli becoming distended and losing elasticity |
| epistaxis | nosebleed |
| influenza | highly infectious respiratory disease caused by a virus |
| Legionnaire disease | a lobar pneumonia caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila |
| obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) | repetitive pharyngeal collapse during sleep, which leads to absence of breathing; can produce daytime drowsiness and elevated blood pressure |
| pertussis | respiratory disease characterized by an acute crowing inspiration, or whoop (whooping cough) |
| pleural effusion | fluid in the pleural space caused by a disease or trauma |
| pulmonary edema | fluid accumulation in the alveoli and bronchioles |
| pulmonary embolism | foreign matter carried to the pulmonary artery and its branches, where it blocks circulation to the lungs and can be fatal if of sufficient size or number |
| tuberculosis | an infectious disease, caused by an acid-fast bacillus, most commonly spread by inhalation of infected droplets, and usually affecting the lungs |
| upper respiratory infection (URI) | infection of the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi |
| adenoidectomy | excision of the adenoids |
| adenotome | surgical instrument used to cut the adenoids |
| bronchoplasty | surgical repair of a bronchus |
| laryngectomy | excision of the larynx |
| laryngoplasty | surgical repair of the larynx |
| laryngostomy | creation of an artificial opening into the larynx |
| laryngotracheotomy | incision of the larynx and trachea |
| lobectomy | excision of a lobe (of the lung) |
| pleuropexy | surgical fixation of the pleura |
| pneumobronchotomy | incision of lung and bronchus |
| pneumonectomy | excision of a lung |
| rhinoplasty | surgical repair of the nose |
| septoplasty | surgical repair of the nasal septum |
| septotomy | incision into the nasal septum |
| sinusotomy | incision of a sinus |
| thoracocentesis | surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the chest cavity |
| thoracotomy | incision into the chest cavity |
| tonsillectomy | excision of the tonsils |
| tracheoplasty | surgical repair of the trachea |
| tracheostomy | creation of an artificial opening into the trachea |
| tracheotomy | incision of the trachea |
| bronchoscope | instrument used for visual examination of the bronchi |
| bronchoscopy | visual examination of or surgerical procedures involving the bronchi |
| endoscopic | pertaining to visual examination of a hollow organ or body cavity |
| endoscopy | visual examination within a hollow organ or body cavity |
| laryngoscope | instrument used for visual examination of the larynx |
| laryngoscopy | visual examination of the larynx |
| thoracoscope | instrument used for visual examination of the thorax |
| capnometer | instrument used to measure carbon dioxide levels in expired gas |
| oximeter | instrument used to measure oxygen saturation in the blood |
| spirometer | instrument used to measure breathing or lung volumes |
| spirometry | a measurement of breathing or lung volume |
| polysomnography (PSG) | process of recording many tests during sleep to diagnose sleep apnea |
| chest computed tomography (CT) scan | computerized images of the chest created in sections sliced from front to back used to diagnose tumors, abscesses, and pleural effusion |
| chest radiograph (CXR) | a radiologic image of the chest performed to evaluate the lungs and the heart |
| ventilation-perfusion scanning (VPS) | a nuclear medicine procedure used to diagnose pulmonary embolism and other conditions (lung scan) |
| acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear | a test done on sputum to determine the presence of acid-fast bacilli that cause tuberculosis |
| arterial blood gases (ABGs) | a test done on arterial blood to determine levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other bases present |
| peak flow meter (PFM) | a portable instrument used to measure how fast air can be pushed out of the lung; used to help monitor asthma and adjust medication accordingly |
| pulmonary function tests (PFTs) | a group of tests performed on breathing and used to determine respiratory function that can be useful in distinguishing COPD from asthma |
| pulse oximetry | a noninvasive method of measuring oxygen in the blood by using a device that attaches to the fingertip |
| auscultation | using a stethoscope to listen for lung, pleura, heart, and abdomen sounds |
| percussion | the act of tapping of a body surface with the fingers to determine a normal/abnormal density beneath by the sound obtained |
| PPD (purified protein derivative skin test) | a test injected intradermally done on individuals who have recently been exposed to tuberculosis |
| stethoscope | an instrument used to help internal body sounds, used for performing auscultation and blood pressure measurement |
| acapnia | condition of less than normal level of carbon dioxide in the blood |
| alveolar | pertaining to the alveolus |
| anoxia | condition of deficiency of oxygen |
| aphonia | condition of absence of voice |
| apnea | absence of breathing |
| bronchoalveolar | pertaining to the bronchi and alveoli |
| bronchospasm | spasmodic contraction in the bronchi |
| diaphragmatic | pertaining to the diaphragm |
| dysphonia | difficult speaking |
| dyspnea | difficult breathing |
| endotracheal | pertaining to within the trachea |
| eupnea | normal breathing |
| hypercapnia | condition of excessive carbon dioxide in the blood |
| hyperpnea | excessive breathing |
| hypocapnia | condition of deficient carbon dioxide in the blood |
| hypopnea | deficient breathing |
| hypoxemia | condition of deficient oxygen in the blood |
| hypoxia | condition of deficient oxygen to the tissues |
| intrapleural | pertaining to within the pleura |
| laryngeal | pertaining to the larynx |
| laryngospasm | spasmodic contraction of the larynx |
| mucoid | resembling mucus |
| mucous | pertaining to mucus |
| nasopharyngeal | pertaining to the nose and pharynx |
| orthopnea | able to breathe only in an upright position |
| phrenalgia | pain in the diaphragm |
| phrenospasm | spasm of the diaphragm |
| pulmonary | pertaining to the lungs |
| pulmonologist | a physician who studies and treats diseases of the lung |
| pulmonology | a branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the lung |
| rhinorrhea | discharge from the nose (as in a cold) |
| tacypnea | rapid breathing |
| thoracic | pertaining to the chest |
| airway | passageway by which air enters and leaves the lungs or a mechanical device used to keep the passageway unobstructed |
| asphyxia | suffocation; deprivation of oxygen for tissue usage |
| aspirate | to withdraw fluid or to suction or to draw foreign material into the respiratory tract |
| bronchoconstrictor | agent causing narrowing of the bronchi |
| bronchodilator | agent causing the bronchi to widen |
| cough | sudden, noisy expulsion of air from the lungs |
| hiccup | sudden catching of breath with a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm |
| hyperventilation | ventilation of the lungs beyond normal body needs |
| hypoventilation | ventilation of the lungs that does not fulfill the body’s gas exchange needs |
| mucopurulent | containing both mucus and pus |
| mucus | slimy fluid secreted by the mucous membrane |
| nebulizer | device that creates a mist used to deliver medication for giving respiratory treatment |
| nosocomial infection | an infection acquired during hospitalization |
| paroxysm | periodic, sudden attack |
| patent | open and allowing passage of air |
| sputum | mucous secretion from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea expelled through the mouth |
| ventilator | mechanical device used to assist with or substitute for breathing when the patient cannot breathe unassisted |
